TO NUCLEAR ASTROPHYSICS The Formation and the Evolution of Matter in the Universe JEAN AUDOUZE lnstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, France and SYLVIE VA UCLAI R DAPHE, Ohservatoire de Meudon, France and lnstitut d'Astrophysique, Paris D, REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY DORDRECHT: HOLLAND/BOSTON: U. S. A. LONDON: ENGLAND Library of Congre~ Cataloging in Publication Data Audouzc. Jean An introduction to nuclear astrophysics. (Geophysics and astrophysics monographs; v. 18) En!. and updated translation of L'Astrophysique nucltaire. Includes bibliographies and index. . Nuclear astrophysics. I. Vauclair, Sylvie, joint author. II. Title. III. Series. QB464. A9313 1979 523. 01'9'7 79-20752 ISBN-13: 978-90-277-1053-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-9477-5 DO I: 10. 1007/978-94-009-9477-5 Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P. O. Box 17. Dordrecht, Holland Sold and distributed in the U. S. A. , Canada, and Mexico by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Inc. Lincoln Building. 160 Old Derby Street, Hingham, Mass. 02043, U. S. A. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 1980 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1980 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any informational storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner TABLE OF CONTENTS IX FOREWORD INTRODUCTION xi XXI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CHAPTER I / THE OBSERVATIONAL BASIS OF NUCLEAR ASTROPHYSICS 1. 1. The Importance of the Four Fundamental Interactions 1 1. 2.

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I / The Observational Basis of Nuclear Astrophysics.- I.1. The Importance of the Four Fundamental Interactions.- I.2. A Brief Description of the Observed Universe.- II / The Evolution of Matter in the Universe.- II.1. The Origin of the Universe.- II.2. Stellar Evolution.- III / The Chemical Composition of the Observable Universe.- III.1. Techniques for Abundance Determination.- III.2. The Abundances of the Elements in the Universe.- III.3. Main-Sequence Peculiar Stars.- IV / Thermonuclear Reactions and Nuclear Reactions in Stellar Interiors.- IV.1. Nuclear Reactions: Generalities.- IV.2. Nuclear Reaction Rates.- IV.3. Hydrogen Burning.- IV.4. Helium Burning.- IV.5. Hydrostatic C, O, and Si Burning.- IV.6. Conclusion.- V / Explosive Nucleosynthesis in Stars.- V.1. Supernovae.- V.2. Other Explosive Objects or Explosive Stages.- V.3. The Explosive Nucleosynthesis.- V.4. The Main Results of the Explosive Nucleosynthesis.- VI / Formation of the Heavy Elements: s, r, and p Processes.- VI.1. Abundances of the Heavy Elements - Processes of Neutron Capture.- VI.2. Neutron Capture Reactions.- VI.3. The s Process.- VI.4. The r Process.- VI.5. The p Process.- VII / Nucleosynthesis of the Light Elements.- VII.1. The Abundance of the Light Elements.- VII.2. The Spallation Reactions.- VII.3. Production of Li, Be, B, by the Galactic Cosmic Rays.- VII.4. Light Element Production in Stellar Objects.- VII.5. The Big Bang Nucleosynthesis.- IV.6. Conclusion.- VIII / Nucleochronologies and the Formation of the Solar System.- VIII.1. Astronomical Chronologies.- VIII.2. Nucleochronologies.- VIII.3. Isotopic Anomalies in Carbonaceous Chondrites.- VIII.4. The Astrophysical Implications of the Anomalies.- VIII.5. Conclusion.- IX / Chemical Evolution of Galaxies.- IX.1. Observational AbundanceDistribution.- IX.2. The Ingredients of the Galactic Chemical Evolution.- IX.3. Evolution of the Solar Neighborhood.- IX.4. Numerical Models with No Instant Recycling.- IX.5. Conclusion: Chemical Evolution of Galaxies.- Conclusion.- Appendix A.I. Some Fundamental Constants.- Appendix A.II. Some Astronomical Constants.- Appendix A.III. Some Quantities Associated with One Electron-Volt.- Appendix B. Atomic Mass Excesses.- Index of Subjects.