This book contains 9 papers written by distinguished researchers from Egypt, Italy, Hungary, and America. It is published within the Egyptian-Italian research project funded by the Academy of Scientific Research and Technology and the Italian Research Council. This volume presents histories of peaceful coexistence between various people, empires, cultures and religions from the Middle Ages to the end of the 20th century. The authors examined the contact points of different cultures from the Byzantine Empire, through the Trebizond Empire period and into the Seljuk Sultanate. The history of the crusades has already been elaborated upon by European as well as Arab historians and is presented in one of the studies of in this volume. We also present insights into the peaceful coexistence between Egyptian Copts and Muslims in the period from 1882 to 1952. (1) History of Peace-building" project ¿ Two-years of Scientific Cooperation between ASRT-CNR (2) Islamic Legal Attitudes to Trade with the D¿r al-¿arb (2nd-6th centuries¿ AH/8th-12th centuries CE) (3) Arab apostates in Byzantium: Evidence of voluntary conversion and assimilation (4) Steps of the Crusader Peace-building.