The number of surgical procedures performed on the brain, head, neck, and spine has increased markedly in recent decades. As a result, postoperative changes are being encountered more frequently on neuroradiological examinations and constitute an important part of the workflow. However, the imaging correlates of postsurgical changes can be unfamiliar to neuroradiologists and neurosurgeons and are sometimes difficult to interpret.

Introduction.- Brain: Burr holes/craniotomy/craniectomy/tumor resection. Devices.- Skull base: Anterior craniofacial resection. Pituitary tumor resection. Craniopharyngioma resection. Suprasellar cyst fenestration. Encephalocele repair. Temporal bone. Complications.- Craniofacial: Craniosynostosis repair. LeFort osteotomy. Sagittal split. Fracture repair. Septoplasty. Cosmesis. Complications.- Head and Neck: Neck. Mandible. Pharynx. Orbit. Flap reconstruction. Thyroidectomy. Parathyroidectomy. Paranasal sinuses. Devices.- Spine: Variety of procedures and hardware. Spine stimulation. Kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty/sacroplasty. Failed back surgery syndrome.- Vascular: Variety of clips, coils, stents. Aneurysm treatment. AVM/AVF/covernoma treatment. Embolectomy. Angioplasty. Synangiosis. Venous sinus skeletonization. CEA. Carotid-axillary bypass. Complications.- CSF shunts: Ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Lumboperitoneal shunts.