Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have attracted substantial interest due to their chemical variability, structural diversity and favorable physical properties the past decade. This materials class encompasses other important families such as formates, azides, dicyanamides, cyanides and dicyanometallates.The book summarizes the chemical variability and structural diversity of all known hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites subclasses including halides, azides, formates, dicyanamides, cyanides and dicyanometallates. It also presents a comprehensive account of their intriguing physical properties, including photovoltaic, optoelectronic, dielectric, magnetic, ferroelectric, ferroelastic and multiferroic properties. Moreover, the current challenges and future opportunities in this exciting field are also been discussed. This timely book shows the readers a complete landscape of hybrid organic-inorganic pervoskites and associated multifuctionalities.

1 Introduction to hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites 11.1 Perovskite oxides 11.2 Evolution from perovskite oxides to HOIPs 31.3 Classification and chemical variations of HOIPs 51.4 Structure, symmetry and property features of HOIPs 61.4.1 General trend 61.4.2 Ion radius mismatch and tolerance factor 91.4.3 Phase transitions 102 Hybrid halide perovskites 152.1 Synthesis and chemical diversity 152.2 Symmetry and structures 192.3 Phase transitions 262.4 Physical properties 312.4.1 Semiconductivity and bandgap structures 312.4.2 Transport properties and photovoltaics 372.4.3 Laser physics 542.4.4 Light-emitting diodes 602.4.5 Photodetectors 652.4.6 Ferroelectricity and Rashba effect 692.4.7 Mechanical properties 732.4.8 Thermal conductivity 782.4.9 Caloric effects 802.4.10 Other properties 823 Hybrid formate perovskites 923.1 Synthesis and chemical diversity 923.2 Symmetries and structures 953.3 Phase transitions and order-disorder 1033.4 Physical properties 1073.4.1 Magnetism 1073.4.1.1 Spin-canting and JT effect 1073.4.1.2 Spin-flop 1133.4.1.3 Quantum tunneling 1163.4.2 Dielectricity 1173.4.3 Ferroelectricity 1213.4.4 Ferroelasticity 1323.4.5 Multiferroicity 1383.4.6 Mechanical properties 1473.4.7 Thermal expansion 1593.4.8 Caloric effects 1654Hybrid azide perovskites 1794.1 Synthesis and structures 1794.2 Phase transitions 1844.3 Physical properties 1944.3.1 Magnetism 1944.3.2 Dielectricity 1974.3.3 Antiferroelectricity and ferroelasticity 2044.3.4 Thermal expansion 2074.3.5 Mechanical properties 2085 Hybrid dicyanomide perovskites 2135.1 Synthesis and structures 2135.2 Phase transitions 2175.3 Physical properties 2215.3.1 Dielectricity 2215.3.2 Optical properties and second-harmonic generation effects 2245.3.3 Magnetism 2255.3.4 Mechanical properties and thermal expansion 2275.3.5 Caloric effects 2306 Hybrid cyanide perovskites 2346.1 Synthesis and structures 2346.2 Phase transitions 2396.3 Physical properties 2486.3.1 Second-harmonic generation 2486.3.2 Dielectricity 2486.3.3 Ferroelectricity 2537 Hybrid dicyanometallate and borohydride perovskites 2587.1 Hybrid dicyanometallate perovskites 2587.1.1 Synthesis, structures and phase transitions 2587.1.2 Physical properties 2617.2 Hybrid boronhydride perovskites 2638 Hybrid hypophosphite perovskites 2648.1 Synthesis 2648.2 Symmetries and structures 2668.3 Phase transitions 2688.4 Physical properties 2708.4.1 Mechanical properties 2708.4.2 Magnetism 2719 Other perovskite-like hybrid materials and metal-free perovskites 2749.1 Hybrid organic-inorganic perchlorates 2749.1.1 Synthesis, structures and phase transitions 2749.1.2 Physical properties 2799.1.2.1 Mechanical properties 2799.1.2.2 Dielectric properties 2829.1.2.3 High energetic properties 2849.2 Hybrid organic-inorganic tetrafluoroborates 2869.2.1 Synthesis, structures and phase transitions 2869.2.2 Physical properties 2899.3 Metal-free perovskites 2909.3.1 Synthesis, structures and electronic properties 2909.3.2 Phase transitions 2969.3.3 Physical properties 2979.3.3.1 Photoluminescence 2979.3.3.2 Ferroelectricity and dielectricity 3989.3.3.3 Mechanical properties 30210 Concluding remarks and future perspectives 3101 Introduction to hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites 11.1 Perovskite oxides 11.2 Evolution from perovskite oxides to HOIPs 31.3 Classification and chemical variations of HOIPs 51.4 Structure, symmetry and property features of HOIPs 61.4.1 General trend 61.4.2 Ion radius mismatch and tolerance factor 91.4.3 Phase transitions 102 Hybrid halide perovskites 152.1 Synthesis and chemical diversity 152.2 Symmetry and structures 192.3 Phase transitions 262.4 Physical properties 312.4.1 Semiconductivity and bandgap structures 312.4.2 Transport properties and photovoltaics 372.4.3 Laser physics 542.4.4 Light-emitting diodes 602.4.5 Photodetectors 652.4.6 Ferroelectricity and Rashba effect 692.4.7 Mechanical properties 732.4.8 Thermal conductivity 782.4.9 Caloric effects 802.4.10 Other properties 823 Hybrid formate perovskites 923.1 Synthesis and chemical diversity 923.2 Symmetries and structures 953.3 Phase transitions and order-disorder 1033.4 Physical properties 1073.4.1 Magnetism 1073.4.1.1 Spin-canting and JT effect 1073.4.1.2 Spin-flop 1133.4.1.3 Quantum tunneling 1163.4.2 Dielectricity 1173.4.3 Ferroelectricity 1213.4.4 Ferroelasticity 1323.4.5 Multiferroicity 1383.4.6 Mechanical properties 1473.4.7 Thermal expansion 1593.4.8 Caloric effects 1654Hybrid azide perovskites 1794.1 Synthesis and structures 1794.2 Phase transitions 1844.3 Physical properties 1944.3.1 Magnetism 1944.3.2 Dielectricity 1974.3.3 Antiferroelectricity and ferroelasticity 2044.3.4 Thermal expansion 2074.3.5 Mechanical properties 2085 Hybrid dicyanomide perovskites 2135.1 Synthesis and structures 2135.2 Phase transitions 2175.3 Physical properties 2215.3.1 Dielectricity 2215.3.2 Optical properties and second-harmonic generation effects 2245.3.3 Magnetism 2255.3.4 Mechanical properties and thermal expansion 2275.3.5 Caloric effects 2306 Hybrid cyanide perovskites 2346.1 Synthesis and structures 2346.2 Phase transitions 2396.3 Physical properties 2486.3.1 Second-harmonic generation 2486.3.2 Dielectricity 2486.3.3 Ferroelectricity 2537 Hybrid dicyanometallate and borohydride perovskites 2587.1 Hybrid dicyanometallate perovskites 2587.1.1 Synthesis, structures and phase transitions 2587.1.2 Physical properties 2617.2 Hybrid boronhydride perovskites 2638 Hybrid hypophosphite perovskites 2648.1 Synthesis 2648.2 Symmetries and structures 2668.3 Phase transitions 2688.4 Physical properties 2708.4.1 Mechanical properties 2708.4.2 Magnetism 2719 Other perovskite-like hybrid materials and metal-free perovskites 2749.1 Hybrid organic-inorganic perchlorates 2749.1.1 Synthesis, structures and phase transitions 2749.1.2 Physical properties 2799.1.2.1 Mechanical properties 2799.1.2.2 Dielectric properties 2829.1.2.3 High energetic properties 2849.2 Hybrid organic-inorganic tetrafluoroborates 2869.2.1 Synthesis, structures and phase transitions 2869.2.2 Physical properties 2899.3 Metal-free perovskites 2909.3.1 Synthesis, structures and electronic properties 2909.3.2 Phase transitions 2969.3.3 Physical properties 2979.3.3.1 Photoluminescence 2979.3.3.2 Ferroelectricity and dielectricity 3989.3.3.3 Mechanical properties 30210 Concluding remarks and future perspectives 3101 Introduction to hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites 11.1 Perovskite oxides 11.2 Evolution from perovskite oxides to HOIPs 31.3 Classification and chemical variations of HOIPs 51.4 Structure, symmetry and property features of HOIPs 61.4.1 General trend 61.4.2 Ion radius mismatch and tolerance factor 91.4.3 Phase transitions 102 Hybrid halide perovskites 152.1 Synthesis and chemical diversity 152.2 Symmetry and structures 192.3 Phase transitions 262.4 Physical properties 312.4.1 Semiconductivity and bandgap structures 312.4.2 Transport properties and photovoltaics 372.4.3 Laser physics 542.4.4 Light-emitting diodes 602.4.5 Photodetectors 652.4.6 Ferroelectricity and Rashba effect 692.4.7 Mechanical properties 732.4.8 Thermal conductivity 782.4.9 Caloric effects 802.4.10 Other properties 823 Hybrid formate perovskites 923.1 Synthesis and chemical diversity 923.2 Symmetries and structures 953.3 Phase transitions and order-disorder 1033.4 Physical properties 1073.4.1 Magnetism 1073.4.1.1 Spin-canting and JT effect 1073.4.1.2 Spin-flop 1133.4.1.3 Quantum tunneling 1163.4.2 Dielectricity 1173.4.3 Ferroelectricity 1213.4.4 Ferroelasticity 1323.4.5 Multiferroicity 1383.4.6 Mechanical properties 1473.4.7 Thermal expansion 1593.4.8 Caloric effects 1654Hybrid azide perovskites 1794.1 Synthesis and structures 1794.2 Phase transitions 1844.3 Physical properties 1944.3.1 Magnetism 1944.3.2 Dielectricity 1974.3.3 Antiferroelectricity and ferroelasticity 2044.3.4 Thermal expansion 2074.3.5 Mechanical properties 2085 Hybrid dicyanomide perovskites 2135.1 Synthesis and structures 2135.2 Phase transitions 2175.3 Physical properties 2215.3.1 Dielectricity 2215.3.2 Optical properties and second-harmonic generation effects 2245.3.3 Magnetism 2255.3.4 Mechanical properties and thermal expansion 2275.3.5 Caloric effects 2306 Hybrid cyanide perovskites 2346.1 Synthesis and structures 2346.2 Phase transitions 2396.3 Physical properties 2486.3.1 Second-harmonic generation 2486.3.2 Dielectricity 2486.3.3 Ferroelectricity 2537 Hybrid dicyanometallate and borohydride perovskites 2587.1 Hybrid dicyanometallate perovskites 2587.1.1 Synthesis, structures and phase transitions 2587.1.2 Physical properties 2617.2 Hybrid boronhydride perovskites 2638 Hybrid hypophosphite perovskites 2648.1 Synthesis 2648.2 Symmetries and structures 2668.3 Phase transitions 2688.4 Physical properties 2708.4.1 Mechanical properties 2708.4.2 Magnetism 2719 Other perovskite-like hybrid materials and metal-free perovskites 2749.1 Hybrid organic-inorganic perchlorates 2749.1.1 Synthesis, structures and phase transitions 2749.1.2 Physical properties 2799.1.2.1 Mechanical properties 2799.1.2.2 Dielectric properties 2829.1.2.3 High energetic properties 2849.2 Hybrid organic-inorganic tetrafluoroborates 2869.2.1 Synthesis, structures and phase transitions 2869.2.2 Physical properties 2899.3 Metal-free perovskites 2909.3.1 Synthesis, structures and electronic properties 2909.3.2 Phase transitions 2969.3.3 Physical properties 2979.3.3.1 Photoluminescence 2979.3.3.2 Ferroelectricity and dielectricity 3989.3.3.3 Mechanical properties 30210 Concluding remarks and future perspectives 310