This book reviews the convoluted history of orthogenesis with an emphasis of non-English sources, untangles relationships between various concepts of directed evolution and argues whether orthogenesis has something to offer modern biology.

Part 1. Orthogenesis: a history.- Chapter 1. The sources. Formation of the concept of directed evolution in the 19th century.- Chapter 2. Evolutionary biology at the turn of the 20th century. New concepts of directed evolution in the 1900-1930s.- Chapter 3. Declarations in favour of orthogenesis in the 1900-1930s.- Chapter 4. Orthogenesis and the modern evolutionary synthesis.- Chapter 5. New concepts of directed evolution in the recent history of evolutionary biology.- Chapter 6. Statements in support of orthogenesis in the 1950s and later.- Part 2. Orthogenesis: Pro et Contra.- Chapter 7. "Laws" in biology. - Chapter 8. Species senescence.- Chapter 9. Adaptation or non-adaptation? .- Chapter 10. Anticipation, parallelisms and convergences.- Chapter 11. Constraints on variation.- Chapter 12. Direct impact of the environment on evolution and the inheritance of acquired characteristics.- Chapter 13. Mystics or unrealised synthesis? Chapter 14. Conclusion.