The Annual Update compiles the most recent developments in experimental and clinical research and practice in one comprehensive reference book. The chapters are written by well recognized experts in the field of intensive care and emergency medicine. It is addressed to everyone involved in internal medicine, anesthesia, surgery, pediatrics, intensive care and emergency medicine.

Part I. Infections and antibiotics.- Interpreting Procalcitoninat the Bedside.- Reducing Antibiotic Use in the ICU: A Time-based Approach to RationalAntimicrobial Use.- Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Severe Influenza Infection.Critically Ill Patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection.Part II. Sepsis.- Immunomodulation: The Future for Sepsis?.- Norepinephrine in SepticShock: Five Reasons to Initiate it Early.- Myths and Facts Regarding Lactate inSepsis.- Part III. Renal issues.- Creatinine-based Definitions: From Baseline Creatinineto Serum Creatinine Correction in Intensive Care.- The Detrimental Cross-talk betweenSepsis and AKI: New Pathogenic Mechanisms, Early Biomarkers and Targeted Therapies.Timing of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy.- (Multiple) Organ Support Therapy beyondAKI.- Part IV. Fluid therapy.- Crystalloid Fluid Therapy.- Balanced Crystalloidsfor Septic Shock Resuscitation.- Part V. Bleeding.- EmergencyReversal Strategies for Anticoagulants and Anti-platelet Agents.- Part VI. Cardiovascularsystem.- Bedside Myocardial Perfusion Assessment with Echocardiography Contrast.Pathophysiological Determinants of Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Septic Shock.Cardiovascular Response to ECMO.- Mechanical Circulatory Support in the New Era:An Overview.- Part VII. Cardiac arrest.- Cardiac arrest in the Elderly:Epidemiology and Outcome.- Regional Systems of Care: The Final Link in the "Chainof Survival" Concept for Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest.- Cardiac ArrestCenters.- Part VIII. Oxygenation and respiratory failure.- High-flow NasalCannula Oxygen Therapy: Physiological Effects and Clinical Data.- The PotentialValue of Monitoring the Oxygen Reserve Index in Patients Receiving Oxygen.- VariableVentilation from Bench to Bedside.- Monitoring Respiratory Effort by Means ofthe Electrical Activity of the Diaphragm.- Dissipated Energy is a Key Mediatorof VILI: Rationale for using Low Driving Pressures.- Corticosteroidsas Adjunctive Therapy in Severe Community-acquired Pneumonia.Part IX. Abdominal issues.- The Neglected Role of Abdominal Compliance inOrgan-organ Interactions.- Part X Metabolic support.- Metabonomics and IntensiveCare.- The Rationale for Permissive Hyperglycemia in Critically Ill Patientswith Diabetes.- Indirect Calorimetry in Critically Ill Patients. Concept, CurrentUse, and Future Challenges.- Part XI. Ethical issues.- Managing Intensive CareSupply-demand Imbalance.- Advances in the Management of the Potential OrganDonor after Neurologic Determination of Death.- Humanizing Intensive Care:Theory, Evidence and Possibilities.- Part XII. Applying new technology.- UltrasoundSimulation Education for Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine.- Virtual Patientsand Virtual Cohorts: A New Way to Think about the Design and Implementation of PersonalizedICU Treatments.- Part XIII. Intensive care unit trajectories: The bigger picture.Predicting Cardiorespiratory Instability.- Long-termOutcomes after CriticalIllness Relevant to Randomized Clinical Trials.- Long-term Consequences of AcuteInflammation in the Surgical Patient: New Findings and Perspectives.- Kairotropy:Discovering Critical Illness Trajectories using Clinical Phenotypes with BigData.