Discussion includes such questions as: What was the historic distribution, scale, and frequency of different natural disturbances? How do gradual disturbances occurring over a long period and across a broad landscape differ in effectsfrom abrupt and localized events such as tornadoes? How does topography influence the impact of disturbances? How do native biotic agents such as insects, fungi, and keystone wildlife species, or abiotic factors such as precipitation, drought, temperature, wind and soil interact to alter the outcomes of disturbances? How might disturbance-adapted plants and animals have fared in the hypothetical absence of anthropogenic disturbances?  How might climate change alter disturbance regimes and structure of upland hardwood forests in the future?  And finally, should, how, and can land managers manage these forests within the HRV of natural disturbance frequencies, spatial extents and gradient of conditions they create?

1. Introduction to Natural Disturbances and Historic Range of Variation: Type, Frequency, Severity, and Post-disturbance Structure in Central Hardwood Forests.- 2. Gap-scale Disturbances in Central Hardwood Forests with Implications for Management.- 3. Oak Decline in Central Hardwood Forests: Frequency, Spatial Extent, and Scale.- 4. Southern Pine Beetles in Central Hardwood Forests: Frequency, Spatial Extent, and Changes to Forest Structure.- 5. First Steps Toward Defining the Wind Disturbance Regime in Central Hardwoods Forests.- 6. Wildfire as a Once-Dominant Disturbance Process in the Pine/Mixed Hardwood Forest of the Appalachian Mountains.- 7. Ice Storms in Central Hardwood Forests: The Disturbance Regime, Spatial Patterns, and Vegetation Influences.- 8. Multi-millennial Record of Erosion and Fires in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains, USA.- 9. Frequency and Magnitude of Selected Historical Landslide Events in the Southern Appalachian Highlands of North Carolina and Virginia: Relationships to Rainfall, Geological and Ecohydrological Controls, and Effects.- 10. Structural and Compositional Change in Great Smoky Mountains National Park since Protection, 1930s-2000s.- 11. Disturbance, Productivity, and Tree Characteristics in the Central Hardwood Region.- 12. The Historic Role of Humans and Other Keystone Species in Shaping Central Hardwood Forests for Disturbance-Dependent Wildlife.- 13. Climate Change and the Future of Natural Disturbances in the Central Hardwood Region.- 14. Managing Central Hardwood Forests Within the Context of the Historic Range of Variability (HRV): Challenges and Opportunities.- Index.