This book contains the refereed proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Agile Software Development, XP 2015, held in Helsinki, Finland, in May 2015.

A Duplicated Code Refactoring Advisor.- Expectations and Challenges from Scaling Agile in Mechatronics-Driven Companies - A Comparative Case Study.- An Industrial Case Study on Test Cases as Requirements.- What Do Practitioners Vary in Using Scrum?.- Key Challenges in Early-Stage Software Startups.- Agile Challenges in Practice: A Thematic Analysis.- UX Work in Startups: Current Practices and Future Needs.- Why the Development Outcome Does Not Meet the Product Owners' Expectations?.- Functional Size Measures and Effort Estimation in Agile Development: A Replicated Study.- Software Development as an Experiment System: A Qualitative Survey on the State of the Practice.- Would You Mind Fixing This Issue? An Empirical Analysis of Politeness and Attractiveness in Software Developed Using Agile Boards.- Coordinating Expertise Outside Agile Teams.- Transitioning Towards Continuous Delivery in the B2B Domain: A Case Study.- DevOps: A Definition and Perceived Adoption Impediments.- Scaling Kanban for Software Development in a Multisite Organization: Challenges and Potential Solutions.- The Two Faces of Uncertainty: Threat vs Opportunity Management in Agile Software Development.- Management Ambidexterity: A Clue for Maturing in Agile Software Development.- Towards Predictable B2B Customer Satisfaction and Experience Management with Continuous Improvement Assets and Rich Feedback.- Dimensions of DevOps.- Towards Introducing Agile Architecting in Large Companies: The CAFFEA Framework.- Optimal Refactoring.- Agile and the Global Software Leaders: A Perfect Match?.- High Level Test Driven Development - Shift Left.- Shorter Feedback Loops By Means of Continuous Deployment.- On a Different Level of Team.- Applying Agile and Lean Elements to Accelerate Innovation Culture in a Large Organization - Key Learnings After One Year Journey.- It Has Been a Long Journey, and It Is Not Over Yet.- Organizational Culture Aspects of an Agile Transformation.- The Guide Board, anArtefact to Support the Continuous Improvement of an Agile Team's Culture.- Testing Modtalk.- Building Learning Organization Through Peer Hands-on Support Community and Gamification.- From Sprints to Lean Flow: Management Strategies for Agile Improvement.- Mob Programming - What Works, What Doesn't.