The book considers the relationship between governance and participation, and the ways participation has been understood, framed and applied in the context of synthetic biology (SB) governance approaches. Based on fundamental questions about the scope, purpose, and responsibilities assigned to public participation activities, the authors conducted an literature review of policy reports and articles on SB governance. Against this basis the authors identify key characteristics of synthetic biology, such as the complex interplay of research, engineering and IT expertise in the field, as well as the challenges these characteristics pose in designing governance frameworks. Drawing on insights from the literature on governance and public participation in political science and public policy, the authors contest calls for "earlier" and "more" participation on the basis that such calls fail to consider the necessary structural adjustments and resources needed for such endeavors.

Introduction.- Imagined Futures: Trust and Justice in SB Governance.- Governance and Participation in Policy Reports of Synthetic Biology (Literature Review).- Approaches in Defining Governance, Challenges and Benefits.- Designing Governance Frameworks.- Governance of Synthetic Biology.- Governance and Public Participation.- Objectives.- Focus Areas Participation.- Communication.- Representation.-Evaluation.- Focus Areas Governance.- Resources.- Training.- Data Management.- Responsibility.- Case Study: COVID-19 Vaccine Development.- Conclusion.- Recommendations.