This Open Access book provides illustrative case studies that explore various research and innovation topics that raise challenges requiring ethical reflection and careful policymaking responses. The cases highlight diverse ethical challenges and provide lessons for the various options available for policymaking. Cases are drawn from many fields, including artificial intelligence, space science, energy, data protection, professional research practice and pandemic planning. Case studies are particularly helpful with ethical issues to provide crucial context. This book reflects the ambiguity of ethical dilemmas in contemporary policymaking. Analyses reflect current debates where consensus has not yet been achieved. These cases illustrate key points made throughout the PRO-RES EU-funded project from which they arise: that ethical judgement is a fluid enterprise, where values, principles and standards must constantly adjust to new situations, new events and new research developments. This book is an indispensable aid to policymaking that addresses, and/or uses evidence from, novel research developments.

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Chapter1. Introduction: Making the Case for the Case (Dónal O'Mathúna).- Chapter 2. Space: The Final Frontier (Emmanouil Detsis).- Chapter 3. Research and the Ethics of Urban Exploration and Criminal Trespass (Mark Israel).- Chapter 4. Science Advisors and "Good Evidence": A Case Study (Gabi Lombardo).- Chapter 5. Automated Justice, Automated Policing: Issues, Benefits and Risks in the Use of Artificial Intelligence and its Algorithms in Access to Justice and Law Enforcement (Caroline Gans Combe).- Chapter 6. Data Protection in Croatia: An Indicator of Ethics Processes in Research Institutions (Zvonimir Koporc).- Chapter 7. Intellectual Corruption and the American Psychological Association (James F. Welles).- Chapter 8. PRO-RES Guidance Framework for Scientific Research: A Novel Response to Long-standing Issues (P. Kavouras).- Chapter 9. RRI and Research Ethics (Maria Teresa Berliri).- Chapter 10. The Wave Power Project (Ron Iphofen).-Chapter 11. Formulating a Guidance Code for Research Managers (the UK ARMA case) (John Oates).- Chapter 12. Ethics Versus The Law: The Case Of the Belfast Project (Helen Kara).- Chapter 13. Regulating Zoonotic Disease Research: Implications for Pandemic Preparedness (Dónal O'Mathúna).- Chapter 14. Responsible Research and Innovation and India: Towards a Dialectical Approach in Theory and Practice (Krishna Ravi Srinivas).