The purpose of this book specifically is to teach surgeons (academic or community), surgical fellows and surgical residents regardless of the surgical specialty, the skills to appraise what they read in the surgical literature. Surgeons need to be able to understand what they read before applying the conclusions of a surgical article to their practice. As most surgeons do not have the extra training in health research methodology, understanding how the research was done, how to interpret the results and finally deciding to apply them to the patient level is indeed a difficult task.

Provides evidence-based guidance.

History of Evidence-Based Surgery (EBS).- The Steps of Practicing Evidence-Based Surgery (EBS).- Developing a Surgical Clinical Research Question: To Find the Answer in Literature Search or in Pursuing Clinical Research.- Finding the Evidence Through Searching the Literature.- Hierarchy of Evidence in Surgical Research.- Evaluating Surgical Interventions.- A Primer on Outcome Measures for Surgical Interventions.- Patient Important Outcome Measures in Surgical Care.- Surrogate Endpoints.- How to asses an Article that Deals with health-Related Quality of Life.- Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Surgical Interventions.- How to Assess a Pilot Trial in Surgery.- Non-Inferiority Randomized Controlled Trials.- Expertise-Based Randomized Controlled Trials.- The Surgeon's Guide to Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.- Prospective and Retrospective Cohort Studies.- Case-Control Studies.- Evaluating Case Series in Surgery.- Quality Improvement and Patient Safety in Surgery.- Diagnostic Studies in Surgery.- How to Assess a Prognostic Study.- Decision Analysis and Surgery.- Economic Evaluations in Surgery.- Studies Reporting Harm in Surgery.- Evaluating Surveys and Questionnaires in Surgical Research.- Opinion Pieces in Surgery.- Simple Statistical Tests and P Values.- Confidence Intervals.- Power and Sample Size.- Subgroup Analyses in Surgery.- Introduction to Clinical Practice Guidelines.