New readings demonstrate the centrality of the rood to the visual, material and devotional cultures of the Middle Ages, its richness and complexity.The rood was central to medieval Christianity and its visual culture: Christ's death on the cross was understood as the means by which humankind was able to gain salvation, and depictions of the cross, and Christ's death upon it,were ubiquitous. This volume brings together contributions offering a new perspective on the medieval rood - understood in its widest sense, as any kind of cross - within the context of Britain and Ireland, over a wide periodof time which saw significant political and cultural change. In doing so, it crosses geographical, chronological, material, and functional boundaries which have traditionally characterised many previous discussions of the medieval rood. Acknowledging and exploring the capacity of the rood to be both universal and specific to particular locations and audiences, these contributions also tease out the ways in which roods related to one another, as well as how they related to their physical and cultural surroundings, often functioning in dialogue with other images and the wider devotional topography - both material and mental - in which they were set. The chapters consider roodsin a variety of media and contexts: the monumental stone crosses of early medieval England, twelfth-century Ireland, and, spreading further afield, late medieval Galicia; the three-dimensional monumental wooden roods in English monasteries, Irish friaries, and East Anglian parish churches; roods that fit in the palm of a hand, encased in precious metals, those that were painted on walls, drawn on the pages of manuscripts, and those that appeared in visions, dreams, and gesture. PHILIPPA TURNER gained her PhD in History of Art at the University of York; JANE HAWKES is Professor of Art History at the University of York. Contributors: Sarah Cassell, Sara Carreño, Jane Hawkes, Malgorzata Krasnodebska-D'Aughton, John Munns, Kate Thomas, Philippa Turner, Maggie Williams, Lucy J. Wrapson,

Introduction: Rethinking the Rood - Philippa TurnerApproaching the Cross: The Sculpted High Crosses of Anglo-Saxon England - Jane HawkesThe Mark of Christ in Wood, Grass and Field: Open-Air Roods in Old English Medical Remedies - Kate ThomasTwelfth-Century English Rood Visions: Some Iconographic Notes - John MunnsCrosses, Croziers, and the Crucifixion: Twelfth-Century Crosses in Ireland - Maggie WilliamsFrom Religious Artefacts to Symbols of Identity: The Role of Stone Crosses in Galician National Discourse - Sara CarreñoThe Rood in the Late Medieval English Cathedral: The Black Rood of Scotland Reassessed - Philippa TurnerThe Cross of Death and the Tree of Life: Franciscan Ideologies in Late Medieval Ireland - Malgorzata Krasnodebska-D'AughtonHeralding the Rood: Colour Convention and Material Hierarchies on Late Medieval English - Lucy WrapsonReframing the Rood: Fifteenth-Century Angel Roofs and the Rood in East Anglia - Sarah Cassell