Detection and analysis of DNA damage is of critical importance in a variety of biological disciplines studying apoptosis, cell cycle and cell di- sion, carcinogenesis, tumor growth, embryogenesis and aging, neu- degenerative and heart diseases, anticancer drug development, environmental and radiobiological research, and others. Individual cells within the same tissue or in cell culture may vary in the extent of their DNA damage and, consequently, can display different re- tions to it. These differences between individual cells in the same cell popu- tion are detected using in situ approaches. In situ is a Latin term meaning ¿on site¿ or ¿in place.¿ It is used to denote the processes occurring or detected in their place of origin. In mole- lar and cell biology this usually refers to undisrupted mounted cells or tissue sections. In that meaning ¿in sitü is used as part of the terms ¿in situ PCR,¿ ¿in situ transcription,¿ ¿in situ hybridization,¿ ¿in situ end labeling,¿ and ¿in situ ligation.¿ Sometimes the ¿in sitü term is applied at the subcellular level to cells disrupted in the process of analysis, for example, in the detection of specific sequences in chromosomes using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Historically, the term was used primarily in methods dealing with nucleic acids.

Includes supplementary material: sn.pub/extras

Part I. Labeling DNA Breaks Using Terminal Transferase (TUNEL Assay)Labeling DNA Damage with Terminal Transferase: Applicability, Specificity, and LimitationsP. Roy Walker, Christine Carson, Julie Leblanc, and Marianna SikorskaTUNEL Assay: An Overview of TechniquesDeryk T. LooElectron Microscopic Detection of DNA Damage Labeled by TUNELAntonio MigheliQuantitative Differentiation of Both Free 3' OH and 5' OH DNA Ends Using Terminal Transferase-Based Labeling Combined with Transmission Electron MicroscopyYoshinori Otsuki and Yuko ItoDetermination of Three-Dimensional Distribution of Apoptotic DNA Damage by Combination of TUNEL and Quick-Freezing and Deep-Etching TechniquesShinichi Ohno, Takeshi Baba, Nobuo Terada, and Yasuhisa FujiiIn Situ Detection of DNA Strand Breaks in Analysis of Apoptosis by Flow- and Laser-Scanning CytometryZbigniew Darzynkiewicz, Elzbieta Bedner, and Piotr SmolewskiPart II. Labeling DNA Breaks Using DNA Polymerase I or its Klenow FragmentDNA Damage Detection Using DNA Polymerase I or its Klenow Fragment: Applicability, Specificity, LimitationsJan Hein van DierendonckLabeling DNA Breaks In Situ by Klenow EnzymeKatherine A. WoodIn Situ Nick Translation at the Electron Microscopic LevelMarc ThiryPart III. Labeling DNA Breaks Using LigaseIn Situ DNA Ligation as a Method for Labeling Apoptotic Cells in Tissue Sections: An OverviewPeter J. Hornsby and Vladimir V. DidenkoDetection of Specific Double-Strand DNA Breaks and Apoptosis In Situ Using T4 DNA LigaseVladimir V. DidenkoIn Situ Detection of Double-Strand DNA Breaks with Terminal 5'OH GroupsVladimir V. Didenko, Hop Ngo, and David S. BaskinPart IV. Detection of DNA Breaks in Agarose Trapped Cells: Comet Assay and Related TechniquesThe Comet Assay: Principles, Applications, and LimitationsAndrew R. CollinsThe Comet Assay: An Overview of TechniquesPeggy L. OliveUltrasensitive Detection of DNA Damage by the Combination of the Comet and TUNEL AssaysAndrei L. Kindzelskii and Howard R. PettyApplication of FISH to Detect DNA Damage: DNA Breakage Detection-FISH (DBD-FISH)José Luis Fernández and Jaime GosálvezPart V. Detection of Modified Bases and AP Sites in DNASimultaneous In Situ Detection of DNA Fragmentation and RNA/DNA Oxidative Damage Using TUNEL Assay and Immunohistochemical Labeling for 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)Alexander E. KalyuzhnyThe In Situ Detection of Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Sites and DNA Breaks Bearing Extension Blocking TerminiPhilip K. Liu, Jiankun Cui, Niki Moore, and Dongya HuangPart VI. Indirect and General Markers of DNA DamageMarkers of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Activity as Correlates of DNA DamageYinong Zhou, Shi Liang, and Lawrence R. WilliamsUltrasound Imaging of Apoptosis: DNA-Damage Effects VisualizedGregory J. Czarnota, Michael C. Kolios, John W. Hunt, and Michael D. Sherarp53 Induction as an Indicator of DNA DamageGalina SelivanovaDetection of Caspases Activation In Situ by Fluorochrome-Labeled Inhibitors of Caspases (FLICA)Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz, Elzbieta Bedner, Piotr Smolewski, Brian W. Lee, and Gary L. JohnsonIndex