This book critically examines the available literature on oceanic acidification, including a historical review of pH and atmospheric CO2 levels over the millennia; natural and anthropogenic sources of CO2 to the atmosphere and sea surface; chemical, physical, and biological mode of action; biological effects of acidification to marine plants and animals under laboratory conditions; field observations on seawater chemistry and effects of declining pH; and various technical and political mitigation strategies. Written by Dr. Ronald Eisler, a noted authority on chemical risk assessment, the book summarizes real and projected effects of oceanic acidification.

IntroductionGeneral. Ocean Acidification. Terrestrial and Freshwater Acidification. HistoricalGeneral. Present to 35,000 Years Ago. From 35,000 to 450,000 Years Ago. From 450,000 to 2.1 Million Years Ago. From 15 to 60 Million Years Ago. From 89 to 545+ Million Years Ago..Sources of Oceanic AcidificationGeneral. Anthropogenic. Biological. Physical. Mode of ActionGeneral. Chemical. Physical. Biological. Acidification Effects on BiotaGeneral. Photosynthetic Flora. Invertebrates. Vertebrates. Field StudiesGeneral. Arctic Ocean. Arabian Sea. Atlantic Ocean. Australia: Great Barrier Reef. Baltic Sea. Belgian Coastal Areas. Bering Sea and Environs. Bermuda. Borneo. Caribbean Region. Greenland Sea. Gulf of Maine. Indian Ocean. Ischia Island, Italy. Japan: Volcano Islands. Labrador Sea. North American West Coast. North Sea. Pacific Ocean. Red Sea. Southern Ocean. Tatoosh Island, Washington. ModifiersGeneral. Methodological. Natural. Interactions.MitigationGeneral. Ocean Sequestration. Declining Water Quality. Reduction in Emissions from Airliners. Increasing International Cooperation. Develop Alternative Fuels. Environmental Modification. Legislation. Concluding Remarks