This Annals volume presents three scholarly meeting reports: (1) biomarkers in nutrition: new frontiers in research and application; (2) the new revolution in toxicology: The good, the bad, and the ugly; and (3) neuroprotection after cerebral ischemia. Nutritional biomarkers--biochemical, functional, or clinical indices of nutrient intake, status, or functional effects--are needed to support evidence-based clinical guidance and effective health programs and policies related to food, nutrition, and health. Such indices can reveal information about biological or physiological responses to dietary behavior or pathogenic processes, and can be used to monitor responses to therapeutic interventions and to provide information on interindividual differences in response to diet and nutrition. Many nutritional biomarkers are available; yet there has been no formal mechanism to establish consensus regarding the optimal biomarkers for particular nutrients and applications.