Mass population displacement affected millions of Europe's civilians across the different theatres of war in 1914-18. At the end of the war, a senior Red Cross official wrote 'there were refugees everywhere. It was as if the entire world had to move or was waiting to move'. Europe on the move: refugees in the era of the Great War, 1912-23 is the first attempt to understand their experiences as a whole and to establish the political, social and cultural significance and ramifications of the wartime refugee crisis. Drawing on original research by leading specialists from more than a dozen countries, it will become the definitive work on the subject and will appeal to anyone who wishes to understand how governments and public opinion responded to refugees a century ago.

Introduction - Peter Gatrell 1 Population displacement in East Prussia during the First World War - Ruth Leiserowitz 2 'A mass which you could form into whatever you wanted': refugees and state building in Lithuania and Courland, 1914-21 - Klaus Richter 3 Refugees from Polish territories in Russia during the First World War - Mariusz Korzeniowski 4 'Human waves': refugees in Russia, 1914-18 - Irina Belova 5 Ukrainian assistance to refugees during the First World War - Liubov Zhvanko and Oleksiy Nestulya 6 'Cities of barracks': Refugees in the Austrian part of the Habsburg Empire during the First World War - Martina Hermann 7 Between refugees and the state: Hungarian Jewry and the wartime Jewish refugee crisis in Austria-Hungary - Rebekah Klein-PejSová 8 Beyond the borders: displaced persons in the Italian linguistic space during the First World War - Marco Mondini and Francesco Frizzera 9 Belgian refugees during the First World War (France, Britain, Netherlands) - Michaël Amara 10 Citizenship on the move: refugee communities and the state in France, 1914-18 - Alex Dowdall 11 Golgotha: the retreat of the Serbian army and civilians in 1915-16 - Danilo sarenac 12 The refugee question in Bulgaria before, during and after the First World War - Nikolai Vukov 13 From imperial dreams to the refugee problem: population movements during Greece's 'decade of war', 1912-22 - Emilia Salvanou 14 Becoming and unbecoming refugees: the long ordeal of Balkan Muslims, 1912-34 - Ugur Ümit Üngör Index