Despite Rousseau's legacy to political thought, his contribution as a constitutional theorist is underexplored. Drawing on his constitutional designs for Corsica and Poland, this book argues that Rousseau's constitutionalism is defined chiefly by its socially directive character. His constitutional projects are not aimed, primarily, at coordinating and containing state power in the familiar liberal-democratic sense. Instead, they are aimed at fostering the social conditions in which a fuller sense of freedom - understood broadly as non-domination - can be realised across all social domains. And in turn, since Rousseau views domination as being deeply embedded in complex social practices, his constitutionalism is aimed at fostering a radical austerity - social, economic and cultural - as its foil. In locating Rousseau's constitutional projects within his social and political theory of servitude and domination, this book will challenge the predominant focus and orientation of contemporary republican theory. Leading republican thinkers have drawn on the historical republican canon to articulate a model of constitutionalism which is, on the whole, 'liberal' in focus and orientation. This book will argue that the more communitarian orientation of Rousseau's constitutionalism - that is, its socially-directive focus - stems from a sophisticated and compelling account of the sources of unfreedom in complex societies, sources which are ignored or downplayed by the neo-republican literature. Rousseau embraces a communitarian social politics as part of his constitutional project precisely because, pessimistically, he views domination as being deeply embedded in the social relations of the liberal order.

Introduction: Rousseau's Austerity and Rousseau's Constitutions I. Rousseau as a Constitutional Theorist II. Rousseau's Constitutional Projects III. Outline of Chapters 1. The Constitution of Freedom I. Introduction II. Freedom and Domination in Republican and Liberal Traditions III. (Re)constituting Freedom IV. Situating Rousseau's (Un)freedom V. Rousseau as a Republican Outlier VI. Constitutionalising Rousseau's Freedom 2. The Constitution of Autarky I. Introduction II. Commerce and Autarky in Corsica and Poland III. Commerce, Virtue and Corruption IV. Rousseau's Concept of Constitutionalism V. Autarky between Realism and Utopia VI. Conclusion 3. The Constitution of Symbol and Ritual I. Introduction II. Symbolism and Ritualism in Contemporary Constitutional Thought III. Rituals and Symbols in Corsica and Poland IV. The Political Function of Symbols and Rituals V. The Radical Scope of Rousseau's Civic Ritualism VI. Culture and Domination in the Early-modern WorldVII. Culture and Aesthetics under Austerity VIII. Civic Ritualism and Constitutional Design: Contemporary Problems IX. Conclusion 4. The Constitution of Deliberation I. Introduction II. Rousseau on Deliberation, Dissensus, Dissent III. Deliberation and Non-domination IV. Deliberation as Domination V. Deliberation under Republican Austerity VI. Deliberation and Difference VII. Neo-republican Blindspots 5. The Constitution of Judgment I. Introduction II. Legislation and Judgment in Rousseau's Constitutional Projects III. The Paradox of Judicial Power under the General Will IV. Principled Adjudication and the General Will V. Adjudication under Republican Austerity VI. Complexity, Differentiation and Symbolic Power VII. Conclusion