This book provides a chronological introduction to the sciences of astronomy and cosmology based on the reading and analysis of significant selections from classic texts, such as Ptolemy¿s The Almagest, Kepler¿s Epitome of Copernican Astronomy, Shapley¿s Galaxies and Lemaître¿s The Primeval Atom.Each chapter begins with a short introduction followed by a reading selection. Carefully crafted study questions draw out key points in the text and focus the reader¿s attention on the author¿s methods, analysis, and conclusions. Numerical and observational exercises at the end of each chapter test the reader¿s ability to understand and apply key concepts from the text.The Heavens and the Earth is the first of four volumes in A Student¿s Guide Through the Great Physics Texts. This book grew out of a four-semester undergraduate physics curriculum designed to encourage a critical and circumspect approach to natural science, while at the same time preparing students for advanced coursework in physics.This book is particularly suitable as a college-level textbook for students of the natural sciences, history or philosophy. It also serves as a textbook for advanced high-school students, or as a thematically-organized source-book for scholars and motivated lay-readers. In studying the classic scientific texts included herein, the reader will be drawn toward a lifetime of contemplation.

Provides a comprehensive introduction to physics based on foundational texts in physics and astronomy

Nature, Number and Substance.- The Shape and Motion of the Heavens.- Harmony and Complexity.- Earth at the Center of the World.- The World of Ptolemy.- Measuring the Tropical Year.- Geometrical Tools.- The Sun, the Moon and the Calendar.- From Astronomy to Cartography.- Climates and Continents.- Heliocentrism: Hypothesis or Truth?.- Earth as a Wandering Star.- Re-ordering the Heavenly Spheres.- Celestial Physics.- Broken Spheres.- Kepler's Third Law.- Kepler's First and Second Laws.- Mountains on the Moon.- The Medician Stars.- The Luminosity of Variable Stars.- Galactic Spectra.- Measuring Astronomical Distances.- A New Theory of Gravity.- Euclid, Gauss and Mercury's Orbit.- A Finite Universe with No Boundary.- The Structure of the Universe.- Measuring the Potentially Infinite.- The Birth of the Big Bang.- The Primeval Atom.