Frontiers in Catecholamine Research is a collection of papers presented at the Third International Catecholamine Symposium, held at the University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France, on May 20-25, 1973. This book is organized into nine parts encompassing 205 chapters. The text begins with a discussion on clinically and experimentally used drugs that have been developed or whose mechanism of action has been clarified through monoamine research. Parts II and III deal with enzymes related to catecholamine studies, their properties, regulation, genetics, mechanism of action, and localization. Parts IV and V examine the concepts of synaptic dynamics of brain regulators and the isolation, characterization, methods of analysis, and mechanism of action of catecholamines. Part VI focuses on the complexities that surround the extrapolation of catecholamine function into the realms of electrophysiology and behavior. Part VII discusses the metabolism, behavioral, neurological, and physiological effects of amphetamine and other drugs of abuse. The concluding parts describe the role of catecholamine and its metabolism in neurologic diseases, such as schizophrenia.

Foreword Historical Acknowledgments ParticipantsAbbreviationsI. Keynote Address The Impact of Monoamine Research on Drug DevelopmentII. Enzymes Two Mechanisms of Catecholamine storage in Adrenal Chromaffin Granules Properties of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Cofactors of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Characterization of dopa decarboxylase Characterization, Localization and Regulation of Catecholamine Synthesizing Enzymes Immunological Localisation of Dopamine-ß-Hydroxylase on the Chromaffin Granule Membrane New Inhibitors of Microbial Origin for Dopamine-ß-Hydroxylase Picolinic Acid Derivatives as Inhibitors of Dopamine ß-Hydroxylase In Vivo; their Effects on Blood Pressure and Stress Ulcer The Innervation of Cerebral Blood Vessels by Central Noradrenergic Neurons Comparative Studies on Bovine and Guinea Pig Tyrosine Hydroxylase Regulation of Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase Catechol-O-Methyltransferase The cellular Localization and Physiological Role of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase in the Body Immunological Characterization of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase New Concepts on the N-Methylation Reactions of Biogenic Amines in Adrenal Medulla and Brain Ring Dehydroxylation of N-Methylation of Noradrenaline and Dopamine in the Intact Rat Brain Degradation of the Transmitter Amines by Specific Types of Monoamine Oxidases The Importance of the 'Hydroxylamine Metabolic Route' in Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacokinetics Some Characteristics of Rat Liver Mitochrondrial Monoamine Oxidases The Nature of the Electrophoretically Separable Forms of Monoamine Oxidase Transformation of Monoamine Oxidases and Deamination of Fattyaromatic Monoamines On the Mechanism of Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase Selective Localization of Monoamine oxidase Forms in Rat Mesenteric Artery Oxidative-Reductive Pathways for Metabolism of Biogenic Aldehydes Sulfate Conjugates in the Brain Reporter's Notes First Session Second SessionIII. Regulation Trans-synaptic Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Modulation of Adrenal Tyrosine Hydroxylase Induction by Serotonin Nerve Function Role of Catecholamines in Induction of Adrenal Tyrosine Hydroxylase Dopamine-ß-Hydroxylase and the Regulation of Catecholamine Biosynthesis Retrograde Axonal Transport of Dopamine-ß-Hydroxylase Growth and Development of a Sympathetic Ganglion In Vivo Studies on the Mechanism of Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity during Nerve Stimulation Transsynaptic and Humoral Regulation of Adrenal Catecholamine Synthesis in Stress Transsynaptic Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylasein Adrenal Medulla: Possible Role of Cyclic Nucleotides Comment-Cholinergic Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Sympathetic Ganglia in Culture Lack of Relationship between Noradrenaline Content and Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity in Cultured Sympathetic Ganglia Induction of Tyrosine Hydroxylase in Superior Cervical Ganglion by Cold Exposure: Effects of Decentralization and Mecamylamine Regulation of Catechol Synthesis in an Adrenergic Clone of Mouse Neuroblastoma Development of the Central Catecholaminergic Neurons of the Rat Interaction between the Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Adrenergic Blocking Agents in Sympathetic Neurons Neuroblastoma Cells as a Tool for Neuronal Molecular Biology Reporter's NotesIV. Synaptic Dynamics of Receptors The classification of Adrenergic Receptors Antagonism of Propranolol to Isoproterenol in Guinea-Pig Trachea: Some Cautionary Findings Regulation of Cyclic AMP Levels in Brain Regulation of Adenosine 3',5'-Cyclic Monophosphate Metabolism in Hybrid Somatic Cells Ontogenetic Development of the Catecholamine-Sensitive Adenyl Cyclase Activity of Rat Cerebral Cortex Role of ß-Adrenergic Receptor in the Control of Serotonin N-Acetyltransferase in Rat Pineal Beta-Adrenergic Regulation of Indole Metabolism in the Pineal Gland Selective Regulation of the Multiple Molecular form of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase by Norepinephrine and Other Agents StereoiSomers of Catecholamines Effects of Catecholamines and Prostaglandins on Cyclic AMP Levels in Brain In Vivo Development of Antibodies against Catecholamines Metabolic Responses of Cardiac, Skeletal Muscle, and Fat Cells to Catecholamines Methods of Approach for the Isolation of ß-Adrenergic Receptors Toward Isolation of a ß-Adrenergic Binding Protein Recent Advances in the Active site Chemistry of the Adrenergic Alpha-Receptor Operation of Two Epinephrine Receptors and an Acetylcholine Receptor in the Exocrine Cell of the Rat Parotid Gland Dopamine-, Octopamine- and Serotonin-Sensitive Adenylate Cyclases: Possible Receptors in Aminergic Neurotransmission Comparison of the Excitatory Action of Acetylcholine and Noradrenaiine on the Guinea-Pig Myometrium Possible Mechanism of the Action of Catecholamines on Smooth Muscle Reporter's NotesV Synaptic Dynamics Chairman's remarks Catecholamine Release and Mobilization of Protein Neuronal and Extraneuronal Catecholamine Uptake Mechanisms The Possible Importance of Young (large) Amine Storage Granules for Adrenergic Nerve Terminal Function Conformational Aspects of the Inhibition of Neuronal Uptake of Noradrenaiine by Tricyclic Antidepressants Composition and Molecular Organization of Chromaffin Granules A Large Second Pool of Norepinephrine in the Highly Purified Vesicle Fraction from Bovine Splenic Nerve Effect of Electrolytes on Amine Transport and Release Mechanisms in Nerve Endings Small Intensely Fluorescent (SIF) Cells In Vivo and In Vitro Neuronal Catecholamine Storage Vesicles Secretion and Recovery of Catecholamines by the Adrenal Medulla New Aspects of the Localization of Catecholamines in Adrenergic Neurons Plastic Changes of Central Noradrenaline Neurons after 6-Hydroxydopamine Characterization of Cortical Noradrenergic Axon Terminals with High Resolution Radioautography Matrix Phase Organization in the Adrenal Chromaffin Granule Release of Amines from Sympathetic Nerves Mechanisms of Exocytosis Immunological Studies of Dopamine ß-Hydroxylase as a Marker for Adrenergic Synaptic Vesicles Mechanisms of Catecholamine Secretion: Dual Feedback Control of Sympathetic Neurotransmitter Secretion; Role of Calcium The Effect of Transmitter Release on the Dopamine ß-Hydroxylase Content of Sympathetic Nerve Terminals Phospholipids of the Chromaffin Granule Membrane and Catecholamine Exocytosis at Sympathetic Nerve Terminals On the Dynamics of Catecholamines Storage Structures in Sympathetic Neurons of the Rat as Studied by Radioautography New Investigations of the Cardiovascular Actions of Dopamine Drug Actions on a-Methyl-m-Tyramine, a False Dopaminergic Transmitter in the Rat Striatum Extraneuronal Uptake of Catecholamines Regulation of Catecholamine Release Regulation of Catecholamine Release: The Muscarinic Inhibitory Mechanism The Regulation of Transmitter Release Elicited by Nerve Stimulation through a Presynaptic Feed-back Mechanism The Neurogenic Short-term Control of Catecholamine Synthesis and Release in the Sympatho-Adrenal System, as Reflected in the Levels of Endogenous Dopamine and ß-Hydroxylated Catecholamines In Vivo Release of 3H-DA from the Cat Caudate Nucleus Regulation of Catecholamine Release: a-Receptor Mediated Feed-back Control in Peripheral and Central Neurones Effect of Impulse Flow on the Release and Synthesis of Dopamine in the Rat Striatum Effectiveness of Adrenergic Transmitter Concentrations in Synaptic Clefts of Differing Dimensions Pulse-to-Pulse Modulation of Noradrenaline Release through a Prejunctional a-Receptor Auto-inhibitory Mechanism Aspects on Prostaglandin and a-Receptor Mediated Control of Transmitter Release from Adrenergic Nerves Catecholamine Release and Receptors in Brain Slices Receptor Regulation Studies: Significance of Central Catecholamine Receptors in Cardiovascular Control Receptor Regulation of Dopamine Turnover Regulation of DA Synthesis in the Nigro Neostriatal System Synthesis and Preferential Release of Newly Formed Norepinephrine during Increased Sympathetic Activity Decentralization Increases Noradrenaline Release from Field-Stimulated Rat Irides Effect of Acetylcholine on the Release of 3H-Norepinephrine by Nicotine and Potassium Chloride from Rat Brain Slices Reporter's Notes First session Second SessionVI. Catecholamines in Central Nervous System Introductory Remarks: Regional Economy and Families of Neuroregulatory Substances Chairman's Introductory Remarks Central Catecholamines and Hypertension Norepinephrine as a Central Synaptic Transmitter Central Dopaminergic Neurons: Neurophysiological Identification and Responses to Drugs Existence of Dopaminergic Nerve Terminals in the Rat cortex Excitatory Effects of Catecholamines in the C.N.S. Genetic Factors in the Control of Brain Levels of Biogenic Amines and Brain Excitability Catecholamine Receptor Mechanisms in Vertebrates Excitatory Effects of Dopamine on Molluscan Neurones Analysis of Dopamine Specific, Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons of the Snail Dopaminergic Transmission in Relation to Mechanisms Underlying Stereotyped Behavior Histochemical Demonstration of Monoamine Neuron Systems in the Human Fetal Glyoxylic Acid Condensation: A new Fluorescence Histochemical Method for Sensitive and Detailed Tracing of Central Catecholamine Neurons Behavioral-Anatomical Correlates of Central Catecholamine Neurons Behavioral Pharmacology of 6-Hydroxydopamine Biochemical and Behavioral Alterations following 6-Hydroxydopamine Administration into Brain Inhibition of the Blood Pressure Response to a-Methyldopa in Unanesthetised Renal Hypertensive Rats by Neonatal 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) Treatment Biogenic Amines and Their Metabolism in the Study of Aggressive Behavior in Rats Brain Norepinephrine and Ingestive Behavior Effects on Feeding Behavior after Intrahypothalamic Injections of 6-Hydroxydopamine in Rats Brain Stem Norepinephrine: Behavioral and Biochemical Differentiation of Responses to Foot Shock in Rats The Coerulo-Cortical Norepinephrine System and Learning Electrical Self-stimulation in the Locus Coeruleus and Norepinephrine Turnover in Cerebral Cortex Effects of 6-Hydroxydopa Cholinergic-Dopaminergic Relation in Different Brain Structures Changes in Striatal DA Metabolism Induced by Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Nigral Stimulation in the Rat Role of Catecholamines in the Control of the Sleep-Waking Cycle Catecholamine Mechanisms: Their Presumptive Role in the Generation of REM Sleep PGO Waves Effects on Precise Motor Responding of Bilateral 6-Hydroxydopamine Infusion into the Substantia Nigra Telencephalic Distribution of Terminals of Brainstem Norepinephrine Neurons Biochemical Evidence for Interaction Phenomena between Noradrenergic and Serotoninergic Systems in the Cat Brain NE-Neuronsand Phasic Sleep Phenomena Dopamine and Acetylcholine Neurones in Striatal and Limbic Structures: Effect of Neuroleptic Drugs Role of Catecholamines in Neuroendocrine Function Recent Morphological and Functional Studies on Hypothalamic Dopaminergic and Noradrenergic Mechanisms Effect of Pregnancy and Sex Hormones on the Transmitter Level in Uterine Short Adrenergic Neurons Catecholamines in Sexual Hormone Regulation: Forebrain Influence on Tubero-Infundibular Dopamine Neurons and Interaction with Cholinergic Systems Effects of Catecholamines on Supraoptic Nucleus Neurones in Organ Culture Catecholamines in Non-neural Cells of the CNS: A Possibility Catecholamines and the Secretion of Renin, ActH and Growth Hormone L-DOPA and Pancreatic Secretion Catecholamine Biosynthetic Enzymes in Pancreatic Islet Cells Brain Monoamines Participation in the Control of Growth Hormone Secretion in Different Animal Species Effects of L-DOPA on Prolactin Secretion in Humans Hypothalamic Catecholamines (CA) and the Secretion of Gonadotropins and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormones Role of Sympathetic Fibers and of Adrenal Medulla in the Maintenance of Cardiovascular Homeostasis in Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats Sodium and Catecholamine Excretion Hypertension, Antihypertensive Drugs, and Norepinephrine in Blood Vessels Intracisternal 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) in Experimental Hypertension Central Adrenergic Neurons and the Control of Blood Pressure The Central Neural Regulation by Baroreceptors of Peripheral Catecholaminergic Mechanisms Genetic Variation of the Catecholamine Biosynthetic Enzyme Activities in Various Strains of Rats Including the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Norepinephrine Synthesis and Turnover in the Brain: Acceleration by Physostigmine Aminoacyl Derivatives of Dopamine as Orally Effective Renal Vasodilators Reporter's Notes First session Second sessionVII. Amphetamines and Other Drugs of Abuse Clinical Pharmocological Study and EEG changes of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Effects in Human Volunteers Amphetamine and Cocaine on Amine Turnover Comparative Metabolism of Some Amphetamines in Various Species Behavioral Pharmacology of D-Amphetamine: Some Metabolic and Pharmacological Considerations Catecholamine Metabolism and Amphetamine Effects on Sensitive and Insensitive Mice Effects of d-Amphetamine on Body Temperature and on Behavioral Thermoregulation in Rats The Metabolism and Excretion of 'Amphetamines' in Man The Postsynaptic Effect of Amphetamine on Striatal Dopamine-sensitive Neurones Electrophysiological Effects of Amphetamine on Dopaminergic Neurons Amphetamine and Noradrenergic Reward Pathways Operant Behavioral Demonstration of Qualitative Differences between the d- and l-ISomers of Amphetamine Dissociation of Amphetamine-Induced Release of Norepinephrine from Inhibition of Neuronal Uptake in Isolated Brain Tissue Amphetamine and Methylphenidate Psychosis Amphetamine Metabolism in Amphetamine-Induced Psychosis On Amphetamine Tolerance and Abstinence in Rats Behavioral and Biochemical Effects of L-DOPA in Psychiatric Patients Halogen Substitution of Amphetamine Biochemical and Pharmacological Consequences Narcotic Analgesics and the Regulation of Neuronal Catecholamine Stores Effect of Methadone on Brain Dopamine Metabolism Effects of Some Tetrahydrocannabinols on the Biosynthesis and Utilization of Catecholamines in the Rat Brain Alcohol and Catecholamine Disposition: A Role for Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids On the Possible Interrelationship in Mechanism of Action between Morphine, Amphetamine and Neuroleptic Drugs Importance of Brain Dopamine for the Stimulant Actions of Amphetamine p-Hydroxynorephedrine: Its Selective Distribution in Different Rat Brain Areas The Effect of Morphine on Rat Brain Catecholamines: Turnover In Vivo and Uptake in Isolated SynaptoSomes Psychopharmacological Profile of Cocaine Reporter's NotesVIII. Catecholamines in Man Catecholamine Metabolites in CSF Metabolites of Catecholamines in the Cerebrospinal Fluid Selective Depletion of Brain Regional Noradrenaline by Systemic 6-Hydroxydopamine in Newborn Rats VMA in Spinal Fluid: Evaluation of the Pathways of Cerebral Catecholamine Metabolism in Man Oxygen-18 in Measurement of Dopamine Turnover in Rat Brain Technical Strategies for the Study of Catecholamines in Man Cyclic AMP and a Possible Animal Model of Receptor Supersensitivity Application of Mass Fragmentography to the Quantitation of Endogenous Catecholamines The Identification of Depressed Patients who have a Disorder of NE Metabolism and/or Disposition Monoamine Neuron Systems in the Normal and Schizophrenic Human Brain: Fluorescence Histochemistry of Fetal, Neurosurgical and Post Mortem Material Metabolism of Dopamine and L-DOPA in Human Brain Changes in Human Serum Dopamine-ß-Hydroxylase Activity in various Physiological and Pathological States Dopamine-ß-Hydroxylase Activity in Serum Plasma Dopamine-ß-Hydroxylase in Identical Twins Discordant for Schizophrenia Catecholamine Metabolism and Neurologic Disease Amines in Schizophrenia Implications of Feedback Control in Catecholamine Neuronal Systems Increased Serum Dopamine-ß-Hydroxylase Activity during Neurogenic Hypertension in Quadriplegia Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones and Catecholamines: A New Interface Affective Disorders: The Catecholamine Hypothesis Revisited Catecholamine Metabolism and Affective Disorders: Studies of MHPG Excretion Collaborative Psychopharmacologic Studies Exploring Catecholamine Metabolism in Psychiatric Disorders Reporter's NotesIX. Closing RemarksIndex