Around the globe, contemporary protest movements are contesting the oligarchic appropriation of natural resources, public services, and shared networks of knowledge and communication. These struggles raise the same fundamental demand and rest on the same irreducible principle: the common.In this exhaustive account, Pierre Dardot and Christian Laval show how the common has become the defining principle of alternative political movements in the 21st century. In societies deeply shaped by neoliberal rationality, the common is increasingly invoked as the operative concept of practical struggles creating new forms of democratic governance. In a feat of analytic clarity, Dardot and Laval dissect and synthesize a vast repository on the concept of the commons, from the fields of philosophy, political theory, economics, legal theory, history, theology, and sociology.Instead of conceptualizing the common as an essence of man or as inherent in nature, the thread developed by Dardot and Laval traces the active lives of human beings: only a practical activity of commoning can decide what will be shared in common and what rules will govern the common's citizen-subjects. This re-articulation of the common calls for nothing less than the institutional transformation of society by society: it calls for a revolution.

Introduction:The Common: A Political Principle Chapter 1: Archaeology of the Common PART 1: The Emergence of the Common Chapter 2: The Communist Burden; or Communism Against the Common Chapter 3: The Great Appropriation and the Return of the "Commons" Chapter 4: Critiquing the Political Economy of the Commons Chapter 5: Common, Rents, and Capital PART 2: Law and Institution of the Common Chapter 6: The Law of Property and the Unappropriable Chapter 7: Law of the Common and "Common Law" Chapter 8: The "Customary Law of Poverty" Chapter 9: The Workers' Common: Between Custom and Institution Chapter 10: Instituent Praxis PART 3: Nine Political Propositions Postscript on the Revolution of the 21st CenturyIndex