Filling the need for new and improved energy sources is an area where societal effects of science and technology will surely increase. The editors and authors have attempted in this volume to present the most current work on the science and technology of coal and coal utilization. Serious disagreement exists on several key issues such as carbon dioxide release and acid rain. At the same time, however, coal is the world's most abundant fossil fuel and will have to be used to supply the world's energy needs for the next several decades. The 1979 National Research Council Report, "En­ ergy in Transition: 1985-2010," has estimated that the United States alone may go from a 1979 coal consumption of 14 QUADS per annum (approximately 750 million tons per year) to approximately 40-50 QUADS per annum (approximately 2 billion tons per year) by the year 2010. If this scale of coal utilization is to become a reality, a significant level of research and development will be necessary to establish advanced process technologies and to improve related areas such as materials and instrumentation. The editors hope that this volume will allow a technically educated person to become aware of the several aspects of coal utilization, from characterization of coal itself to the processes of coal utilization. B. R. Cooper and W. A. Ellingson March, 1983 vii Contents 1. THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF COAL AND COAL UTILIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Bernard R. Cooper and William A. Ellingson 2. COAL CHARACTERIZATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1. The Science and Technology of Coal and Coal Utilization.- 2. Coal Characterization.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Samples and Their Analyses.- 3. Megascopic and Microscopic Characterization of Coal.- 4. Mineral Matter in Coals.- 5. Standard Chemical Analyses and Some Special Evaluation Tests.- 6. Analyses of Major, Minor, and Trace Ash-Forming Elements.- 7. Isotopic Studies.- 8. Physical Properties of Coal.- References.- 3. Coal Preparation and Cleaning.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Present Coal-Cleaning Practice.- 3. Experimental Coal-Cleaning Plants.- 4. New Developments in Physical Cleaning.- 5. Development of Chemical Cleaning Methods.- 6. Research on Bacterial Desulfurization.- 7. Summary and Conclusions.- Conversion Factors.- References.- 4. Role of Impurities.- 1. Impurities in Coal: Introduction.- 2. Role of Impurities in Coal Mining.- 3. Coal Combustion.- 4. Coke.- 5. Coal Liquefaction.- 6. Coal Gasification.- References.- 5. Gasification and Indirect Liquefaction.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Coal Gasification.- 3. Synthesis Gas Purification and Water-Gas Shift Processes.- 4. Indirect Liquefaction.- 5. Summary and Conclusion.- References.- 6. Direct Liquefaction.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Thermal Chemistry.- 3. Catalytic Chemistry.- 4. Direct Liquefaction Technology.- 5. Summary.- References.- 7. Fluidized-Bed Combustion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fluidization Background.- 3. FBC System Description.- 4. FBC Design.- 5. Analytical System Performance Modeling.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 8. Coal-Fired Open-Cycle Mhd Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. MHD Plants.- 3. Status and Cost of MHD Plant Systems.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 9. Fuel Cell Power Plant Systems.- 1. Summary.- 2. Introduction.- 3. Predicted Performance and Cost of Fuel Cell Systems Operating on Coal-Derived Fuels.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 10. Catalysis and Catalytic Deactivation.- 1. Preface.- 2. Instrumental Analysis of Liquefaction Catalysts.- 3. Catalysts for the Indirect Liquefaction of Coal.- 4. Catalysts for the Direct Liquefaction of Coal.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 11. Materials of Construction.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Low-Temperature Corrosion.- 3. High-Temperature Corrosion.- 4. Erosive Wear.- 5. Mechanical Properties.- 6. Materials-Design Interface.- 7. Nondestructive Evaluation.- 8. Summary.- References.- 12. Instrumentation and Monitoring.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Multiphase Flow Measurement.- 3. Temperature Measurement.- 4. Gas Stream Analysis.- 5. Particulate Monitors.- 6. Solid and Slurry Stream Analysis.- 7. Level Detection.- 8. Nondestructive Evaluation Instruments.