1. Introduction.- 1.1 Motivation.- 1.2 Sources of power consumption.- 1.3 Design techniques for low power.- 1.4 CAD techniques for low power.- 1.5 Power management.- 2. Background.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Boolean algebra and finite-state machines.- 2.3 Implicit representation of discrete functions.- 2.4 Markov analysis of finite-state machines.- 3. Fundamental Concepts.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Fundamentals.- 3.3 Power management circuitry.- 3.4 Conclusion.- 4. Power Management for Control Units.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Top-down synthesis.- 4.3 Top-down decomposition.- 4.4 Conclusion.- 5. Power Management for Functional Units.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Clock distribution design.- 5.3 Logic-level techniques.- 5.4 RTL techniques.- 5.5 Behavioral-level techniques.- 5.6 Conclusion.- 6. Power Management for Systems.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Operating system-based power management.- 6.3 Advanced configuration and power management.- 6.4 Modeling power management.- 6.5 The policy optimization problem 205 6.5.1 Disk power management.- 6.6 Conclusion.- 7. Conclusion.- 7.1 Summary.- 7.2 Prospects.- References.