Nonlinear Optics, Quantum Optics, and Ultrafast Phenomena with X-Rays is an introduction to cutting-edge science that is beginning to emerge on state-of-the-art synchrotron radiation facilities and will come to flourish with the x-ray free-electron lasers currently being planned.It is intended for the use by scientists at synchrotron radiation facilities working with the combination of x-rays and lasers and those preparing for the science at x-ray free-electron lasers. In the past decade synchrotron radiation sources have experienced a tremendous increase in their brilliance and other figures of merit.This progress, driven strongly by the scientific applications, is still going on and may actually be accelerating with the advent of x-ray free-electron lasers. As a result, a confluence of x-ray and laser physics is taking place, due to the increasing importance of laser concepts, such as coherence and nonlinear optics to the x-ray community and the importance of x-ray optics to the laser-generation of ultrashort pulses of x-rays.

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1 X-Ray Sources.- 1 Introduction.- 2 X-Ray Tubes.- 3 Laser-Driven Sources.- 4 Synchrotrons and Storage Rings.- 5 Pulse Slicing and Ultrafast Thomson Scattering.- 6 Energy-Recovering Linacs.- 7 X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers.- 7.1 The Physics of the FEL Process.- 7.2 Hard X-Ray FEL Facilities in Planning.- 7.3 The Quantum FEL.- 7.4 Lasing without Inversion.- 8 Comparison of Sources.- 2 Nonlinear Optics of Free Electrons.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Relativistic Electrons in Electromagnetic Waves.- 2.1 Single Plane Wave Packet.- 2.2 Multiple Parallel Plane Waves.- 2.3 Multiple Plane Waves, Nonrelativistic Approximation.- 2.4 Relativistic Electrons in Two Plane Wave Packets.- 2.4.1 Discussion.- 2.5 Laser Acceleration of Electrons.- 3 Dynamical Diffraction.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Linear Perfect Crystal Theory.- 2.1 Perfect Lattice, Fourier and Bloch Sums.- 2.2 The System of Linear Equations.- 2.3 The Dispersion Surface.- 2.4 Phase and Group Velocity, Beam Direction.- 2.5 Extinction and Boundary Conditions.- 3 Extended Takagi-Taupin Theory.- 3.1 Disturbed Lattice, Fourier and Bloch Sums.- 3.2 The System of Differential Equations.- 3.3 Comparison with the Takagi-Taupin Theory.- 3.3.1 Differential Equations.- 3.3.2 Generalized Wave Fields.- 3.4 Comparison with Kato's Eikonal Theory.- 3.5 Numerical Solution of the Differential Equations.- 3.6 The Dispersion Surface.- 3.6.1 Propagation of the Field Amplitudes.- 3.7 Beams, Adiabatic Change and Interbranch Scattering.- 3.8 Obtaining Qualitative Information.- 3.8.1 Example: Optical Phonons, Frequency Shifts.- 3.8.2 Example: Static Distortion, Guided Waves.- 3.9 From Boundary to Transition Conditions.- 3.10 Summary and Discussion.- 4 Nonlinear Dynamical Diffraction from Free Electrons.- 4.1 Multiple Bloch Waves.- 4.2 The System of Nonlinear Equations.- 4.3 An Example: Parametric Down Conversion.- 5 Appendix.- 5.1 Dynamical Diffraction in Macroscopic Form.- 5.2 The Longitudinal Current.- 5.3 Applicability of Macroscopic Electromagnetism.- 5.4 The Position of a Tie Point in Reciprocal Space.- 5.5 The Direction of the Poynting Vector.- 5.6 Details of Derivations.- 5.6.1 Amplitude Ratio, Equation (3.15).- 5.6.2 Equation (3.27).- 5.6.3 An Integral.- 4 Ultrafast Diffractive X-Ray Optics.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Laser-Induced Changes in Crystal Diffractive Properties.- 3 Bragg Reflection.- 4 Laue Transmission.- 4.1 Redirection of the Poynting Vector.- 4.2 An X-Ray Optical Femtosecond Streak Camera.- 4.2.1 Grazing Incidence.- 4.2.2 Swept Laser Excitation.- 4.2.3 An Example.- 4.2.4 Discussion.- 4.3 An Ultrafast Phase Retarder.- 4.4 Spectral Concentration of X-Rays.- 4.5 A Fast Borrmann Shutter.- 5 Parametric Down Converion.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Nonlinear Medium.- 1.2 Wave Vector and Frequency Matching.- 1.3 Strength of the Effect.- 2 Experiments.- 2.1 The Classical Experiment by Eisenberger and McCall.- 2.2 The First Synchrotron Results, Yoda et al.- 2.3 Energy Discrimination and Time Correlation.- 2.4 High Event Rate.- 2.5 High Pump Photon Energy - 98.9 keV.- 2.6 Suppression of the Pump Photons with a Mirror.- 2.7 Small Angles.- 2.7.1 The First Small-Angle Experiment.- 2.7.2 APS, 1-ID.- 2.7.3 APS, 7-ID.- 2.7.4 Suppression of Down Conversion at Small Angles.- 2.8 Wave Vector Matching by Dynamical Diffraction.- 3 Potential Applications.- 3.1 Tests of the Quantum Theory.- 3.2 Sub-Poisson Absorption Spectroscopy.- 3.3 Integration into a Beam Line.- 4 Experimental Issues.- 4.1 Background Suppression.- 4.2 Electric Noise.- 4.3 Stray Radiation.- 4.4 Energy Resolution.- 4.5 Time Resolution.- 4.6 Time Structure of the Source.- 4.7 Choice of Sample Material.- 5 Summary.- 6 Appendix.- 6.1 The Virtual Power Density of Vacuum Fluctuations.- 6.2 Cross Section.- 6.3 Amplitude Growth.- 6.4 Wave Vector Matching.- 6.4.1 Without Dynamical Diffraction.- 6.4.2 With Dynamical Diffraction of the Pump Only.- 6.5 Electronics.- 6.5.1 The Correlation Circuit.- 6.5.2 The Event Logger.- 6 Laser Pump, X-Ray Probe Spectroscopy on GaAs.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Physics Background.- 3 The Experiment.- 4 Results.- 5 Discussion.- 6 Experimental Issues.- 6.1 Monochromatization.- 6.2 Electronic Noise.- 7 Potential Applications.- 7.1 Spectroscopy with an Absolute Energy Reference.- 7.2 A Femtosecond Detector and X-Ray/Laser Correlator.- 7 Ultrafast structural changes induced by femtosecond laser pulses.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Theory.- 2.1 Lattice motion: molecular dynamics simulations.- 2.2 Potential energy surface: laser induced electron dynamics.- 2.2.1 Summary of the numerical approach.- 2.2.2 Pair correlation function.- 3 Ultrafast nonequilibrium graphitization of diamond.- 4 Ablation mechanisms in graphite.- 5 Nonequilibrium melting and ablation of carbon.- 6 Ablation of silicon.- 7 Laserinduced melting of a C60 molecular crystal.- 8 Fragmentation of nanotubes.- 9 Summary.- 8 Ultrafast Lattice Dynamics.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Experimental Setup.- 2.1 The Advanced Light Source.- 2.2 X-ray Time-Structure.- 2.3 Laser Synchronization.- 2.4 Streak Camera.- 3 Theory of Time-Resolved X-Ray Diffraction.- 4 Wave-vector Matching Considerations.- 4.1 Symmetric Case.- 5 Generation of coherent displacements.- 6 Extension to Finite Electron-Phonon Coupling Times.- 7 Experimental Results.- 7.1 Slow (Nanosecond) Time-scale Measurements.- 7.2 50 ps Resolution Pump-Probe Experiments.- 7.3 Streak Camera Results.- 8 Extraction of Electron-Phonon Coupling Times.- 9 High Fluence Results.- 10 Coherent Control.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Experimental Results.- 11 Control of the Diffraction Efficiency of a Crystal.- 12 Conclusion.- 9 Seeing Sound: Measuring acoustic pulse propagation with x-rays.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Ultrafast Strain Generation.- 2.1 Thermo-elastic model.- 2.2 Plasma Diffusion.- 3 The X-ray Source.- 3.1 Bunch Timing.- 4 Ultrafast Laser.- 4.1 T:sapphire oscillator.- 4.2 Chirped Pulse Amplification.- 4.3 Laser/X-ray Timing.- 5 Time-resolved x-ray Bragg diffraction.- 5.1 Dynamical diffraction calculations.- 5.2 Acoustic Pulse Evolution.- 5.3 Acoustic Reflections.- 5.3.1 Acoustic Dispersion.- 6 Time-resolved Laue diffraction.- 6.1 Pump-Probe X-ray Anomalous Transmission.- 6.2 Multiple crystal model.- 6.3 Acoustic Reflections.- 6.4 Acoustic Collisions.- 7 Summary and Acknowledgements.- 10 Time-dependent dynamical diffraction theory for phonon-type distortions.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The generalised Takagi-Taupin equation.- 3 Comparison with classical Takagi-Taupin theory.- 4 Coherent phonons and selection rules.- 5 Perturbative analytical solution.- 6 Numerical solution of the generalised Takagi-Taupin equation.- 7 High spatial frequency phonons.- 11 Nonlinear Response Functions for X-Ray Laser Pulses.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Nonlinear response functions: general formalism.- 3 Applications.- 4 Event rates and cross sections.- 5 Conclusions.- 6 Acknowledgments.- 7 Appendix.- References.