1. Opiate Tolerance and Dependence: Roles of Receptors and Endorphins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Receptors.- 3. Effects of Chronic Opiate Treatment on Endorphin Levels.- 4. Homeostatic Regulation of Endorphin Systems.- 5. Outlook.- References.- 2. Alcohol Self-Administration by Experimental Animals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods Used to Study Alcohol Intake.- 3. Factors Affecting Alcohol Intake.- 4. Animal Models of Alcoholism.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3. Genetics of Alcoholism and Alcohol Actions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Human Studies on Alcoholism.- 3. Animal Studies.- References.- 4. Alcohol Consumption and Ischemic Heart Disease: The Epidemiologic Evidence.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Studies of General Populations.- 3. Studies of Alcoholics and Problem Drinkers.- 4. Etiologic Significance of the Epidemiologic Findings.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 5. Heavy Alcohol Consumption and Physical Health Problems: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Mortality.- 3. Hazardous Consumption Levels.- 4. Mortality by Cause.- 5. Mortality Rate Variation in General Populations.- 6. General Conclusion.- References.- 6. Assessing Alcohol Use by Patients in Treatment.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Defining Alcohol Abuse.- 3. Retrospective Methods.- 4. Self-Monitoring.- 5. Objective Methods.- 6. Recommended Strategy.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 7. An Overview of Techniques and Problems in the Measurement of Alcohol Consumption.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Drinking Process.- 3. Evaluation of Existing Measurement Techniques.- 4. Alcohol Consumption Measurements as Variables.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 8. Studies of Driver Impairment and Alcohol-Related Collisions: A Methodologic Analysis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodology of Studies on Driver Impairment andCollisions.- 3. Current Knowledge about Driving Impairment and Alcohol-Related Collisions.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 9. The Contribution of Prospective Studies to the Understanding of Etiologic Factors in Alcoholism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Preferential Recollection.- 3. Selection Bias and Enduring Myths.- 4. Elucidating "Cart and Horse" Relationships.- 5. The Problem of Evolving Symptoms.- 6. Etiology and Prognosis.- 7. Summary.- References.- 10. Treatment of Nonopiate Dependency: Issues and Outcomes.- 1. Effectiveness of Traditional Modalities.- 2. Alternative Treatment Settings.- 3. Innovative Treatment Components.- 4. Drug-Specific Treatment Strategies.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 11. Less-Hazardous Tobacco Use as A Treatment for the "Smoking and Health" Problem.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Background.- 3. Arguments and Evidence, Not Facts and Proof.- 4. Arguments against Advocating Less-Hazardous Tobacco Use.- 5. Arguments for Advocating Less-Hazardous Tobacco Use.- 6. The Limits of Less-Hazardous Tobacco Use.- 7. Legitimizing the Topic and the Need for Research.- References.