This definitive work provides a comprehensive treatment of the mathematical background and working methods of three-dimensional reconstruction from tilt series. Special emphasis is placed on the problems presented by limitations of data collection in the transmission electron microscope.The book, extensively revised and updated, takes the reader from biological specimen preparation to three-dimensional images of the cell and its components.

Introduction: Principles of Electron Tomography.- Sample Shrinkage and Radiation Damage of Plastic Sections.- Electron Tomography of Frozen-hydrated Sections of Cells and Tissues.- The Electron Microscope as a Structure Projector.- Cryotomography: Low-dose Automated Tomography of Frozen-hydrated Specimens.- Fiducial Marker and Hybrid Alignment Methods for Single- and Double-axis Tomography.- Markerless Alignment in Electron Tomography.- Algorithms for Three-dimensional Reconstruction From the Imperfect Projection Data Provided by Electron Microscopy.- Weighted Back-projection Methods.- Reconstruction With Orthogonal Functions.- Resolution in Electron Tomography.- Denoising of Electron Tomograms.- Segmentation of Three-dimensional Electron Tomographic Images.- Segmentation of Cell Components Using Prior Knowledge.- Motif Search in Electron Tomography.- Localization and Classification of Repetitive Structures in Electron Tomograms of Paracrystalline Assemblies.