Since the ?rst edition of this book was published in 2002, there have been many advances in our knowledge of percutaneous vertoplasty (PV), particularly about how to perform the procedure more safely and how to approach more complex case situations. Additionally, mate- als that were initially used ¿off label¿ or that simply were not FDA approved have completed their governmental review and have received FDA approval. This has increased the legitimacy of the p- cedure from the legal and reimbursement perspective. Controversy over height restoration and device selection has become a progressively bigger issue over time. Kyphoplasty (balloon assisted vertebroplasty) has received tremendous emphasis. This book c- pares and contrasts data and claims that differentiate kyphoplasty from percutaneous vertebroplasty. We also look at other methods that pot- tially can be used for height restoration. New procedures that deal with bone augmentation in other anatomic regions have evolved (i.e., sacroplasty) and are discussed. As this re- lution in image-guided percutaneous bone augmentation has dev- oped, multiple medical specialties have embraced these procedures in their training programs for both residents and practicing physicians.

Basic Science and Techniques. - History and Early Development of Percutaneous Vertebroplasty. -Spine Anatomy. -The Medical Management of Bone Health and Osteoporosis. -Surgical Options for Vertical Compression Fractures. -Patient Evaluation and Selection. -Biomechanical Considerations. -Percutaneous Vertebroplasty: Procedure Technique. -Balloon Kyphoplasty and Lordoplasty. -Vertebroplasty versus Kyphoplasty: A Comparison and Contrast. -Tumors. -Extreme Vertebroplasty: Techniques for Treating Difficult Lesions. -Sacroplasty. -Complications Associated with Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty. -Standards for the Performance of Percutaneous Vertebroplasty: American College of Radiology and Society of Interventional Radiology Guidelines.- Case Studies.- Single Level Vertebroplasty and Biopsy. -Multilevel Vertebroplasty. -Vertebra with Cleft or Cavity. -The Mobile Vertebra (Height Restoration). -Extreme Vertebral Collapse. -Anterior Cervical Approach. -Vertebral Refracture after Percutanous Vertebroplasty. -Percutaneous Sacroplasty. -Percutaneous Pelvic Augmentation: Supra-Acetabular Region. -Kyphoplasty in Osteoporotic Compression Fractures. -Femoral Neck.