There are increasing demands for effective, less invasive approaches to therapies for critical limb ischemia and chronic total occlusions. This volume discusses safer therapies that can make a real difference in the lives of patients. The book covers a range of topics, including percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, subintimal angioplasty, the future of thrombolysis, cerebral perfusion imaging, and interventional treatment of acute ischemic stroke. It also discusses treatments for restenosis, pta/stenting complications, pharmacological treatments, risk factor management, and diagnostic evaluation of venous disease.

SECTION I: INTRODUCTION Epidemiology and pathophysiology of peripheral arterial disease (PAD); GI Pandele and C Dima-Cozma The endovascular suite and equipment; K Dougherty and Z Krajcer SECTION II: TECHNIQUES Arterial access for endovascular interventions: vascular access; JS Jenkins Arterial access for endovascular interventions: radial and brachial arterial access; PW McMullan Jr and JS Jenkins Arterial access for endovascular interventions: transradial approach; I Henry, M Henry, and M Hugel Arterial access for endovascular interventions: popliteal access to peripheral procedures; M Henry, I Henry, and M Hugel Introducer sheaths, catheters, guiding catheters, and guidewires; K Dougherty and Z Krajcer Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty; T Collins and PW McMullan Jr Cutting balloon angioplasty; S Tyagi SilverHawk(R) atherectomy device; RS Gammon and JR Nelson Percutaneous peripheral atherectomy using the Rotablator; I Henry, M Henry, and M Hugel A new rotational thrombectomy and atherectomy catheter: the Rotarex system; I Henry, M Henry, and M Hugel Orbital atherectomy system: a novel means of peripheral vascular rotational atherectomy; DT Cragen and RR Heuser Subintimal angioplasty; G Markose and A Bolia Recanalization devices for chronic total occlusions (including optical coherent reflectometry); G Baweja and RR Heuser Catheter-directed intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy; NN Khanna and RR Kasliwal Thromboaspiration and thrombectomy in peripheral vessels; NN Khanna The future of thrombolysis; T McNamara Endovascular treatment for acute and chronic lower extremity deep vein thrombosis; PE Thorpe and FJ Osse Stents; RR Heuser, KL Waters, CW Hatler, and LM Kelly Role of covered stents in peripheral arterial diseases; M Henry, I Henry, and M Hugel Embolic protection devices; M Henry, I Henry, A Polydorou, and M Hugel Vascular closure devices; ZG Turi Other techniques of percutaneous intervention: retrieval devices, embolization therapy, and angiogenesis; JA Silva and JS Jenkins SECTION III: NEUROVASCULAR; Epidemiology and pathophysiology of neurovascular disease; C Klonaris, A Papapetrou, and A Katsargyris Neuroradiological anatomy; MH Wholey and WS Wu Doppler ultrasound and carotid angioplasty: carotid ultrasonography and transcranial Doppler; S Kownator and F Luizy The value of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography before, during, and after surgery for carotid occlusive disease; NM Bornstein and AY Gur Carotid plaque characterization using ultrasound; AN Nicolaides, M Griffin, S Kakkos, G Geroulakos, E Kyriacou, and N Georgiou Cerebral perfusion imaging; W-J Jiang Stent-assisted angioplasty for symptomatic atherosclerotic intracranial stenosis; W-J Jiang Intracranial stenting for cerebrovascular pathology; EI Levy, AS Boulos, BR Bendok, SH Kim, AI Qureshi, LR Guterman, and LN Hopkins The stroke unit; P Lylyk and JF Vila Interventional treatment of acute ischemic stroke: past, present, and future; CS Eddleman, ZA Hage, DL Surdell, EI Levy, RM Samuelson, YA Mikhaeil, and BR Bendok Carotid angioplasty and stenting under protection: techniques, indications, results, and limitations; M Henry, A Polydorou, I Henry, Ad Polydorou, and M Hugel Complications of internal carotid artery stenting and their management; DL Surdell, ZA Hage, CS Eddleman, S Das, E Duckworth, MK Eskandari, IA Awad, HH Batjer, and BR Bendok Which patients should be referred for surgical endarterectomy and not have carotid stenting; FJ Criado and C Gallagher Common carotid artery: PTA stenting; J Franke, G Robertson, and H Sievert Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the subclavian arteries; M Henry, I Henry, A Polydorou, Ad Polydorou, and M Hugel Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting of extracranial vertebral artery stenosis; V Polydorou, I Henry, A Polydorou, M Henry, Ad Polydorou, J Stephanides, M Hugel, and S Anagnostopoulou Elective endovascular revascularization of the intracranial cerebral arteries; HC Schumacher, PM Meyers, B Bateman, and RT Higashida SECTION IV: UPPER EXTREMITY ARTERIAL DISEASES Upper extremity arterial diseases; J Laredo and BB Lee Compression syndromes of the superior thoracic aperture; JE Molina SECTION V: THORACIC AORTA Thoracic aorta: epidemiology and pathophysiology; EB Diethrich Radiology and anatomy of the thoracic aorta; AR Owen, GH Roditi, and AW Reid Thoracic aorta: thoracic aortic aneurysms; EB Diethrich Thoracic aortic dissection; J May, GH White, and JP Harris SECTION VI: ABDOMINAL AORTA Abdominal aortic aneurysm treatment by endoluminal exclusion: a historical perspective; JC Parodi, CJ Schonholz, and RR Heuser Role of Doppler ultrasound in the assessment of peripheral vascular disease; K Irshad, M Ali, AW Reid, A Sinha, and DB Reid Abdominal aortic dissections; OC Morcos, JC Pereda, and ML Marin Endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic occlusive disease; C Klonaris and A Katsargyris SECTION VII: THORACOABDOMINAL ANEURYSMS AND DISSECTIONS Thoracoabdominal aneurysms and dissections: current indications and management; JF Dowdall, Q Lu, and RK Greenberg SECTION VIII: ATHEROSCLEROTIC RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and pathophysiology; KI Paraskevas, DP Mikhailidis, and G Hamilton Radiological assessment of the renal arteries; A Al-Kutoubi Endovascular treatment of a renal artery stenosis: techniques, indications, and result; M Henry, I Henry, A Polydorou, Ad Polydorou, and M Hugel Renal angioplasty and stenting under protection devices; M Henry, I Henry, A Polydorou, Ad Polydorou, and M Hugel Renal artery stenosis: when to refer to surgery?; C Klonaris, A Katsargyris, and A Giannopoulos Non-atherosclerotic renovascular disease; JM Garasic and K Rosenfield SECTION IX: CELIAC AND MESENTERIC ARTERIES Etiology, natural history, and pathophysiology of mesenteric ischemia; JA Silva Assessment of mesenteric ischemia; JA Silva Conventional angiography, CTA, and MRA of the mesenteric arteries; Y-W Chi and JA Silva Duplex ultrasound of the mesenteric arteries; Y-W Chi and JA Silva Endovascular therapy for mesenteric ischemia; JA Silva Mesenteric ischemia: surgical revascularization and indications for surgery; JA Silva and DE Allie SECTION X: LOWER EXTREMITY Epidemiology and pathophysiology of peripheral arterial disease of the lower extremities; C Klonaris, A Papapetrou, and A Giannopoulos Lower extremity arterial disease assessment; KF Murphy, K Irshad, A Sinha, and DB Reid Lower extremity: other techniques; ML Brennan and L Cho Iliac occlusive diseases; DT Cragen and RR Heuser Procedures for the hypogastric artery; J Cynamon and P Prabhaker Femoropopliteal disease; E Calabrese and F Camerano When to refer to surgery for femoropopliteal disease; N Morrissey Infrapopliteal arterial diseases: angioplasty and stenting; E Calabrese Critical limb ischemia; DE Allie, CJ Hebert, EV Mitran, CM Walker, and RR Patlola Acute limb ischemia; DE Allie, CJ Hebert, EV Mitran, CM Walker, and RR Patlola Endovascular treatment for infrainguinal failing graft; A de Carvalho Lobato and DF Colli Jr Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease); A Pokrovsky and AV Chupin Percutaneous endovascular treatment of peripheral aneurysms; M Henry, I Henry, and M Hugel SECTION XI: OTHER LOCALIZATIONS Embolization in peripheral territory; CJ Schonholz, E Mendaro, and K Ehrens Uterine artery embolization for fibroids; J Pisco and M Duarte Hemodialysis access intervention; E Calabrese and B Yasin Endovascular surgery in treatment of some congenital heart defects; BG Alekyan, VP Podzolkov, VA Garibyan, MG Pursanov, KE Kardenas, and E Yu Danilov Endovascular treatment of some congenital diseases: hemangiomas and vascular malformations; BB Lee, J Laredo, DH Deaton, and RF Neville SECTION XII: UNUSUAL VASCULAR DISEASES OF THE EXTREMITIES Endovascular management of Budd-Chiari syndrome - suprahepatic inferior vena cava occlusive disease; BB Lee, J Laredo, DH Deaton, and RF Neville Unusual vascular conditions of the extremities; DH Deaton, RF Neville, J Laredo, and BB Lee Interventions in inflammatory arterial disease; S Rajagopal and L Gopalakrishnan Vascular involvement in Behcet's disease; TW Kwon SECTION XIII: MULTIVASCULAR DISEASE Potential of endovascular surgery in the treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease associated with other arterial pools' pathology; LB Bockeria, BG Alekyan, Yu I Buziashvili, EZ Golukhova, TG Niritina, NP Mironov, AV Ter-Akopyan, NV Zakarian, and AV Staferov SECTION XIV: TREATMENTS FOR RESTENOSIS Pathophysiology of restenosis; E Kedhi, J-F Tanguay, and L Bilodeau Interventional therapy: new approaches; E Kedhi and L Bilodeau Update on peripheral vascular brachytherapy; R Waksman Gene-based and angiogenesis therapy in cardiovascular diseases; R Baffour, S Fuchs, and R Kornowski SECTION XV: PTA/STENTING COMPLICATIONS Complications of peripheral interventions; DT Cragen and RR Heuser Contrast-induced nephropathy; G Marenzi and AL Bartorelli SECTION XVI: PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS AND RISK FACTOR MANAGEMENT Pharmacological treatment in peripheral arterial disease; GI Pandele and C Dima-Cozma Risk factors in peripheral arterial disease; GI Pandele and C Dima-Cozma SECTION XVII: VENOUS DISEASE The anatomy, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of venous disease; JI Greenberg, N Angle, and J Bergan Diagnostic evaluation of venous disease; B Abai and N Labropoulos Contrast imaging studies of the lower extremity; GE Pineda and D Mukherjee Interventional therapy for pulmonary embolism; S Faintuch, FB Collares, and GM Martinez Salazar Superior and inferior vena cava thrombosis; J Pisco and M Duarte Varicose veins; CK Shortell and J Bergan Endovenous laser therapy for varicose veins; NN Khanna Vena caval filters; NN Khanna Foam treatment of varicose veins; JI Greenberg, N Angle, and J Bergan INDEX