A biography of the founder of modern Turkey that chronicles the ideas that shaped himWhen Mustafa Kemal Atatürk became the first president of Turkey in 1923, he set about transforming his country into a secular republic where nationalism sanctified by science-and by the personality cult Atatürk created around himself-would reign supreme as the new religion. This book provides the first in-depth look at the intellectual life of the Turkish Republic's founder. In doing so, it frames him within the historical context of the turbulent age in which he lived, and explores the uneasy transition from the late Ottoman imperial order to the modern Turkish state through his life and ideas.Shedding light on one of the most complex and enigmatic statesmen of the modern era, M. Sükrü Hanioglu takes readers from Atatürk's youth as a Muslim boy in the volatile ethnic cauldron of Macedonia, to his education in nonreligious and military schools, to his embrace of Turkish nationalism and the modernizing Young Turks movement. Who was this figure who sought glory as an ambitious young officer in World War I, defied the victorious Allies intent on partitioning the Turkish heartland, and defeated the last sultan? Hanioglu charts Atatürk's intellectual and ideological development at every stage of his life, demonstrating how he was profoundly influenced by the new ideas that were circulating in the sprawling Ottoman realm. He shows how Atatürk drew on a unique mix of scientism, materialism, social Darwinism, positivism, and other theories to fashion a grand utopian framework on which to build his new nation.Now with a new preface, this book provides the first in-depth look at the intellectual life of the Turkish Republic's founder.

List of Figures and Tables ixA Note on Transliteration and Personal and Place Names xiTurkish Pronunciation Guide xiiiAcknowledgments xvIntroduction 1Chapter 1. Fin-de-siècle Salonica 8Chapter 2. Das Volk in Waffen: The Formation of an Ottoman Officer 31Chapter 3. The Scientism of the Young Turks 48Chapter 4. From Wars to the Great War: A Hero Is Born 68Chapter 5. Muslim Communism? The Turkish War of Independence 86Chapter 6. The Secular Republic 129Chapter 7. Nationalism and Kemalism 160Chapter 8. Turkey and the West 199Conclusion 226Bibliography 233Index 255