Spatial patterns of movement are fundamental to the ecology of animal populations, influencing their social organization, mating systems, demography, and the spatial distribution of prey and competitors. However, our ability to understand the causes and consequences of animal home range patterns has been limited by the descriptive nature of the statistical models used to analyze them. In Mechanistic Home Range Analysis, Paul Moorcroft and Mark Lewis develop a radically new framework for studying animal home range patterns based on the analysis of correlated random work models for individual movement behavior. They use this framework to develop a series of mechanistic home range models for carnivore populations. The authors' analysis illustrates how, in contrast to traditional statistical home range models that merely describe pattern, mechanistic home range models can be used to discover the underlying ecological determinants of home range patterns observed in populations, make accurate predictions about how spatial distributions of home ranges will change following environmental or demographic disturbance, and analyze the functional significance of the movement strategies of individuals that give rise to observed patterns of space use. By providing researchers and graduate students of ecology and wildlife biology with a more illuminating way to analyze animal movement, Mechanistic Home Range Analysis will be an indispensable reference for years to come.

Preface ix

CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1
1.1. Statistical Home Range Analysis 2
1.2. Mechanistic Home Range Analysis 4


CHAPTER 2: From Individual Behavior to Patterns of Space Use 7
2.1. Movement in One Dimension 8
2.2. Movement in Two Dimensions 12
2.3. Directed and Random Motion 13
2.4. Predicting Home Range Patterns 21
2.5. Summary 22


CHAPTER 3: A Simple Mechanistic Home Range Model 23
3.1. Model of Individual Movement Behavior 24
3.2. Characterizing the Movement Behavior of a Red Fox 27
3.3. Equations for Patterns of Space Use 30
3.4. Solving for Patterns of Space Use 31
3.5. Predicted Red Fox Home Range 33
3.6. Coyote Home Range Patterns 35
3.7. Summary 37


CHAPTER 4: A Model Based on Conspecific Avoidance 38
4.1. Model Formulation 39
4.2. Equations for Space Use 42
4.3. Empirical Evaluation of the Model 43
4.4. Summary 53


CHAPTER 5: Comparative Analysis of Home Range Patterns Predicted
by the Conspecific Avoidance Model 55
5.1. Predicted Patterns of Space Use 55
5.2. Border versus Hinterland Scent Marking 60
5.3. The Distribution of Scent Marks along Boundaries 64
5.4. Summary 66


CHAPTER 6: Mathematical Analysis of the Conspecific Avoidance Model 67
6.1. Model Equations 67
6.2. Impact of the Scent-Marking Response 68
6.3. Existence of a Buffer Zone 72
6.4. Generalized Response Functions 74
6.5. Summary 78


ChAPTER 7: The Influence of Landscape and Resource Heterogeneity on Patterns of Space Use 79
7.1. Landscape Heterogeneity 79
7.2. Resource Heterogeneity and Foraging Behavior 82
7.3. Model Predictions 89
7.4. Summary 91


CHAPTER 8: Home Range Formation in the Absence of a Den Site 92
8.1. Model Formulation 92
8.2. Analysis 94
8.3. Summary 96


CHAPTER 9: Secondary Ecological Interactions 97
9.1. Wolf-Deer Interactions 97
9.2. Wolf-Coyote Interactions 100
9.3. Summary 103
10. Displacement Distances: Theory and Applications 104
10.1. The Minimum Convex Polygon Method 104
10.2. Mean-Absolute and Mean-Squared Displacement 110
10.3. Summary 114


CHAPTER 11: ESS Analysis of Movement Strategies: Analyzing the Functional Significance of Home Range Patterns 115
11.1. Evolutionarily Stable Movement Strategy for Interacting Wolf Packs 116
11.2. Analysis 119
11.3. Roles of Aggression and Signaling 126
11.4. Summary 128


CHAPTER 12: Future Directions and Synthesis 130


APPENDIXES
A: Derivation of the Fokker-Planck Equation for Space Use 137
B: Alternative Derivation of the Space Use Equation 139
C: Autocorrelation in Movement Direction 140
D: Estimating the Parameters of the Localizing Tendency Model 142
E: Movement with Attraction toward a Den 144
F: Model Fitting 149
G: Numerical Methods for Solving Space Use Equations 151
H: Displacement Distances 152
I: ESS Analysis Model Parameters 157


References 158
Index 169