An indispensable color-illustrated field guide to the tracks and signs of Europe's animals and birdsThis beautifully illustrated field guide enables you to easily identify the tracks and signs left by a wide variety of mammal and bird species found in Britain and Europe, covering behaviors ranging from hunting, foraging, and feeding to courtship, breeding, and nesting. Introductory chapters offer detailed drawings of footprints and tracks of large and small mammals, which are followed by sections on mammal scat, bird droppings, and the feeding signs of animals on food sources such as nuts, cones, and rose hips. The book then describes specific mammal species, providing information on size, distribution, behavior, habitat, and similar species, as well as more specific detail on tracks and scat. Distribution maps are also included.This indispensable field guide covers 175 species of mammals and birds, and features a wealth of stunning color photos and artwork throughout.

Preface 5Mammal tracks 6
Antlers 18
Bird tracks 22
Scat 35
Carnivores 35
Carnivore scat 36
Scat of smaller mammals 38
Scat of larger rodents 8
Scat of larger herbivores 40
Bird droppings 43
Feeding signs on trees 46
Fray marks on trees 57
Holes in trees, ant heaps, etc 59
Gnawed branches 62
Feeding signs on mushrooms 64
Feeding signs on turnips 65
Feeding signs on spruce cones 66
Feeding signs on pine cones 68
Feeding signs on hazelnuts 68
Feeding signs on walnuts 71
Feeding signs on rose hips 72
Feeding signs on cherry stones 73
Feeding signs on apples 74
Nests and dens 76
Pellets 82
Owl pellets 82
Raptor pellets 84
Gull, cormorant, heron, and stork pellets 85
Wader, crow, and jay pellets 87
Skulls in pellets 89
Other skulls and bones 91
Round nests 92
Feathers 96
Raptor feeding signs 100
Trails 104
Brown Bear 106
Wolverine 109
Wolf and domestic dog 111
Lynx 115
Iberian Lynx 117
Wildcat 118
Arctic Fox 120
Red Fox 122
Raccoon Dog 127
Raccoon 130
Eurasian Badger 132
European Beaver 136
North American Beaver 142
Coypu 143
Muskrat 144
Northern Water Vole 147
Southern Water Vole 151
Water Shrew 151
Otter 154
American Mink 157
European Mink 160
Western Polecat 161
Pine Marten 163
Beech Marten 165
Stoat 167
Weasel 169
Brown Hare 171
Mountain Hare 174
Rabbit 176
Red Squirrel 179
Grey Squirrel 183
Flying Squirrel 184
Alpine Marmot 185
European Souslik 187
Black Rat 188
Brown Rat 189
House Mouse 192
Yellow-necked Mouse 195
Wood Mouse 199
Striped Field Mouse 200
Harvest Mouse 202
Northern Birch Mouse 204
Common Dormouse 205
Garden Dormouse 207
Edible Dormouse 209
Bank Vole 211
Field Vole 213
Common Vole 215
Norway Lemming 216
Wood Lemming 218
Grey-sided Vole 219
Root Vole 220
Common Mole 221
Western Hedgehog 223
Algerian Hedgehog 226
Common Shrew 226
Bats 229
Horses 231
Cattle 232
Wild Boar 233
Elk 237
Red Deer 241
White-tailed Deer 246
Fallow Deer 247
Sika Deer 250
Reeve's Muntjac 251
Roe Deer 253
Reindeer 258
Musk Ox 261
Mouflon 263
Chamois 265
Domestic sheep 266
Goats 267
Seals 268
Sea turtles 269
Photo credits 270
Index of species 271