Why economics needs to focus on fairness and not just efficiencyOne of the central tenets of mainstream economics is Adam Smith's proposition that, given certain conditions, self-interested behavior by individuals leads them to the social good, almost as if orchestrated by an invisible hand. This deep insight has, over the past two centuries, been taken out of context, contorted, and used as the cornerstone of free-market orthodoxy. In Beyond the Invisible Hand, Kaushik Basu argues that mainstream economics and its conservative popularizers have misrepresented Smith's insight and hampered our understanding of how economies function, why some economies fail and some succeed, and what the nature and role of state intervention might be. Comparing this view of the invisible hand with the vision described by Kafka-in which individuals pursuing their atomistic interests, devoid of moral compunction, end up creating a world that is mean and miserable-Basu argues for collective action and the need to shift our focus from the efficient society to one that is also fair.Using analytic tools from mainstream economics, the book challenges some of the precepts and propositions of mainstream economics. It maintains that, by ignoring the role of culture and custom, traditional economics promotes the view that the current system is the only viable one, thereby serving the interests of those who do well by this system. Beyond the Invisible Hand challenges readers to fundamentally rethink the assumptions underlying modern economic thought and proves that a more equitable society is both possible and sustainable, and hence worth striving for.By scrutinizing Adam Smith's theory, this impassioned critique of contemporary mainstream economics debunks traditional beliefs regarding best economic practices, self-interest, and the social good.

Preface ix

Chapter 1: In Praise of Dissent 1
Discontent and Discourse 1 Smith's Myth 9 The Lay of the Land 11
On Understanding 13


Chapter 2: The Theory of the Invisible Hand 16
Competition and Social Welfare 16
The Standard Critiques 20


Chapter 3: The Limits of Orthodoxy 24 The Dual Interpretation 24
Evolving Feasible Set 27
Evolving Preference 31
Social Norms and Culture 33
A Comment on Incentive Compatibility 41
On Methodological Individualism 43
On Knowledge 49


Chapter 4: The Economy according to Law 55 Kafka's Invisible Hand 55
Law's Economy: The Standard View 57
The Law as Focal Point 60
Implications of the Focal View of Law 66
A Game-Theoretic Illustration of Law as Focal Point 71
A Research Agenda 73


Chapter 5: Markets and Discrimination 77
Do Free Markets Reduce Discrimination? 77
The Literature 79
The Self-Reinforcement of Productivity 83
The Entrepreneur 85
Toward a New Theoretical Model 89
Appendix: Aptitude Test Administered to Slum Children at Anandan in Calcutta 95


Chapter 6: The Chemistry of Groups 97
Identity and Methodological Individualism 97
The Ingredients of Theory 101
Altruism, Trust, and Development 104
The Janus Face of In-group Altruism 110
The Malignancy of Identity 120


Chapter 7: Contract, Coercion, and Intervention 130
Principle of Free Contract 130
Coercion and Voluntariness 138
The Large Numbers Argument 141
Acts and Rules 148
Multiple Equilibria 153
Domains of Intervention 155


Chapter 8: Poverty, Inequality, and Globalization 157
Governance and the Globe 157
Inequality 158
Some Facts of Globalization 161
Some Analytics of Globalization 165
Inequality and Poverty: The Quintile Axiom 167
Poverty-Minimizing Inequality, with or without Globalization 171
Policy Implications 176


Chapter 9: Globalization and the Retreat of Democracy 180
Democracy in Deficit 180
Globalization and Influence 185
Dollarization and Democracy 187
Democratic Global Institutions 189


Chapter 10: What Is to Be Done? 193
Interpreting the World and Changing It 193
The'Environmental Case' against Inequality 199
Despair and Hope 208


Notes 213
References 235
Index 259