Avihu Zakai analyzes Jonathan Edwards's redemptive mode of historical thought in the context of the Enlightenment. As theologian and philosopher, Edwards has long been a towering figure in American intellectual history. Nevertheless, and despite Edwards's intense engagement with the nature of time and the meaning of history, there has been no serious attempt to explore his philosophy of history. Offering the first such exploration, Zakai considers Edwards's historical thought as a reaction, in part, to the varieties of Enlightenment historical narratives and their growing disregard for theistic considerations. Zakai analyzes the ideological origins of Edwards's insistence that the process of history depends solely on God's redemptive activity in time as manifested in a series of revivals throughout history, reading this doctrine as an answer to the threat posed to the Christian theological teleology of history by the early modern emergence of a secular conception of history and the modern legitimation of historical time. In response to the Enlightenment refashioning of secular, historical time and its growing emphasis on human agency, Edwards strove to re-establish God's preeminence within the order of time. Against the de-Christianization of history and removal of divine power from the historical process, he sought to re-enthrone God as the author and lord of history--and thus to re-enchant the historical world. Placing Edwards's historical thought in its broadest context, this book will be welcomed by those who study early modern history, American history, or religious culture and experience in America.

Abbreviations xiPreface xiii
Introduction
The American Augustine 1

EDWARDS'S LIFE OF THE MIND
One: A Short Intellectual Biography 29
Early Life ,Education, and Works 30
Early Career and Studies 35
Northampton Pastorate 37
The Great Awakening 41
Life and Works at Stockbridge 45

THE SOUL
Two: Young Man Edwards: Religious Conversion and Theologia Gloriae 51
Constructing the Self: Edwards's Conversion Moment 53
Conversion as an Existential Religious Experience 58
Edwards's Experience of Conversion 60
The Morphology of Edwards's Conversion 66
Conversion and the Development of Edwards's Theological and Philosophical Thought 74

SPACE
Three: Theology in the Age of Scientific Reasoning: Edwards and the Reenchantment of the World 85
The Scientific Revolution's Disenchantment of the World 92
Atomic Doctrine 96
The Mechanization of Nature and the World 101
The Laws of Nature 103
God and the World 108
The Nature of the Created Order 113
The Poverty of the Mechanistic Interpretation 116
Edwards and the Reenchantment of the World 118
Disenchantment of the World, Eighteenth-Century Imagination, and the Protestant Evangelical Awakening 120

TIME
Four: The Ideological Origins of Edwards's Philosophy of History 131
The Disenchantment of the World and the Reenchantment of the Soul 133
Constructing the Order of Time 138
Homogeneous Time, Empty Time, and "Redeeming the Time" 143
History, Ideology, and Redemption 150
Edwards's Poetics of History 155
Ecclesiastical History as a Mode of Christian Historical Thought 163
The Protestant and Puritan Ideology of History 168
Edwards as an Ecclesiastical Historian 174

Five: God's Great Design in History: The Formation of Edwards's Redemptive Mode of Historical Thought 182
The Quest for God's Absolute Sovereignty in the Order of Time 187
The Formation of the Redemptive Mode of Historical Thought: The Early Miscellanies 191
The Work of Redemption and the Work of Conversion 197
God's Great Design in History 200
Conversion, Revival, and Redemption--The "Little Revival," 1734-735 205
The Work of Redemption and God's Self-Glorification 210
The Work of Redemption as the "Great End and Drift of all Gods Works" 213

Six: Edwards's Philosophy of History: The History of the Work of Redemption 221
Sacred History and Historia Humana 226
The History of the Work of Redemption 234
The Redemptive Mode of Historical Thought 239
Revival as the Manifestation of Divine Agency in the Order of History 247
The Theological and Teleological Structure Inherent in the Redemptive Process 255

Seven: "Chariots of Salvation": The Apocalypse and Eschatology of the Great Awakening 272
Rhetoric and History in the Great Awakening 276
The Eschatology of Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God 280
"The Glory of the Approaching Happy State of the Church": The Distinguishing Marks 289
The "Glorious Work of God" which "Shall Renew the World of Mankind": Some Thoughts Concerning the Revival 294

ETHICS
Eight: Edwards and the Enlightenment Debate on Moral Philosophy 307
The Enlightenment Disenchantment of the World of Ethics and Morals 312
Edwards and the British School of Moral Sense 319
Epilogue: Edwards and American Protestant Tradition 325
Index 337