This text covers the most recent advances in hadron therapy, exploring the physics, technology, biology, diagnosis, clinical applications, and economics behind the therapy. It will be of interest to current and aspiring specialists from a wide range of backgrounds.

From Röntgen Rays to Carbon Ion Therapy: The Evolution of Modern Radiation Oncology. Radiobiology and Hadron Therapy: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know? Challenges Surrounding RBE for Particle Therapy: Where Do We Go from Here? Advances in Beam Delivery Techniques and Accelerators in Particle Therapy. Requirements for setting up a Particle Therapy Center. Imaging and Particle Therapy: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Why particle therapy rather than photon therapy or how to integrate the decision into multimodal management. Role of Multidisciplinary Collaborative Network for Advancing Cancer Therapy. Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with indications for particle therapy in sarcomas. Proton therapy for pediatric patients. NTCP Reduction in Advanced Head and Neck Cancer Patients Using Proton Therapy. The model-based approach to select patients for proton therapy and to validate its added value. Overview of Carbon-Ion Radiotherapy in Japan. Particle therapy clinical trials: perspectives from Europe, Japan and USA. Role of Particle Therapy in Future Radiotherapy practice. Health Economics: Cost, Cost-Effectiveness and Budget Impact of Particle Therapy. Big data-based Decision Support systems for Hadrontherapy. Cern Collaborations in Hadron Therapy and Future Accelerators. Addressing Global Challenges for Radiation Therapy: From "C" to shining "C" (Cobalt to Carbon) and the "Radiation Rotary".