Between the medieval conception of Christendom and the political visions of modernity, ideas of Europe underwent a transformative and catalytic period that saw a cultural process of renewed self-definition or self-Europeanization. The contributors to this volume address this process, analyzing how Europe was imagined between 1450 and 1750. By whom, in which contexts, and for what purposes was Europe made into a subject of discourse? Which forms did early modern 'Europes' take, and what functions did they serve? Essays examine the role of factors such as religion, history, space and geography, ethnicity and alterity, patronage and dynasty, migration and education, language, translation, and narration for the ways in which Europe turned into an 'imagined community.' The thematic range of the volume comprises early modern texts in Arabic, English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Latin, and Spanish, including plays, poems, and narrative fiction, as well as cartography, historiography, iconography, travelogues, periodicals, and political polemics. Literary negotiations in particular foreground the creative potential, versatility, and agency that inhere in the process of Europeanization, as well as a specifically early modern attitude towards the past and tradition emblematized in the poetics of the period. There is a clear continuity between the collection's approach to European identities and the focus of cultural and postcolonial studies on the constructed nature of collective identities at large: the chapters build on the insights produced by these fields over the past decades and apply them, from various angles, to a subject that has so far largely eluded critical attention. This volume examines what existing and well-established work on identity and alterity, hybridity and margins has to contribute to an understanding of the largely un-examined and under-theorized 'pre-formative' period of European identity.

Introduction: Early Modern Constructions of Europe Florian Kläger and Gerd Bayer Part I: Others 1. Europeans before Europe: Modernity and the Myth of the Other David Blanks 2. Ürubba in Early Modern Arabic Sources Nabil Matar 3. Europeanizing the Turks in Robert Greene's Alphonsus, King of Aragon Ladan Niayesh Part II: Genres 4. The Survival of Medieval Antiquity: Fifteenth-Century Transformations of the Roman Antique Tradition in Castile and Beyond Clara Pascual-Argente 5. Europe in Love: Contemporary History and Fiction in the German "European Novel" Nicolas Detering 6. Mapping Margins in the Mediterranean: Europe, Africa, and Richard Johnson's The Seven Champions of Christendom Goran Stanivukovic Part III: Values 7. Imperial Violence and the Limits of Tolerance: Reading Luther with Las Casas Nina Berman 8. Saxon Agonistes: Reconstructing and Deconstructing Identities in Milton's History of Britain Willy Maley 9."The Ship of Europe": The Iconography of John Dee's General and Rare Memorials Eliza Richter 10. The European Imaginary in the Discourse on Peace Paul Michael Lützeler