First published in 1971, this collection of fourteen contemporaneous European research studies on managerial backgrounds and on the patterns, roles, and evolution of managerial careers examine managerial motivations in a broader context than the traditional analysis of psychological qualities. Most of the studies suggest or demonstrate the usefulness of a typology of industrial leaders - whether constructed from individual characteristics, the characteristics of the firm or the characteristics of the economy as a whole - that avoids isolating industrial executives from outside factors. This book will be of interest to students of business, sociology and industrial history.

Introduction: J.J. Boddewyn; Part One: Western Europe; Founders, Heirs, and Managers of Spanish Firms Juan J. Linz and Amando de Miguel (Spain) Education Levels of the Portuguese Industrial Elite Harry M. Makler (Canada) Individual Characteristics of Belgian Top Managers and Their Career Path in the Firm Marc Becker and Jean-Pol Frère (Belgium) Career Patterns of Company Presidents and Control of the Firm in France Dominique Manjardet (France) Patterns of Access to Business Leadership in France Dean Savage (United States) A Profile of Italian Managers in Larger Firms Flavia Derossi (Italy) Three Types of Italian Top Managers Luciano Gallino (Italy) Manageral Careers in the Netherlands H.A. Becker (Netherlands) German Management: Challenges and Responses - A Pragmatic Evolution Booz, Allen & Hamilton (West Germany) Appraisal of the Report "German Management: Challenges and Responses" Heinz Hartman (West Germany); Part Two: Eastern Europe; The role of the Manager in a Socialist Economy Andrzej K. Kozminski (Poland) The Selection of general Directors of Industrial Enterprises and the Changing Role of the Industrial Enterprise in Poland Halina Najduchowska (Poland) Is Enterprise Management in Yugoslavia Becoming Professionalized? Josip Zupanov (Yugoslavia) Engineering and Technical Personnel in the Social Structure of Soviet Society A.A. Zvorykin and A.M. Geliuta (USSR); Part Three: Comparing West and East; Why Managers Perform Differently in Different Countries: France, Britain, USA, USSR, and East Germany David Granick (USA)