This book investigates the role of society groups in the making of the Arab Spring and under which conditions they attained their goals. Democracy and recognition of human rights and fundamental freedoms seem to be the main drives of the people organized in form of civil groups or grassroots movements in the Arab Spring countries; but it is essential to identify when they find it suitable to take such extreme action as taking the streets in an attempt to take down the repressive regimes. It is also important to investigate what methods they relied on in their action and how they challenged the state and the government. A review of the cases in this volume shows that civil society has certain limitations in its action. Analysis of the cases also challenges a commonly held assumption that the Arab world does not have strong and rich civil society tradition. However, for a lasting success and consolidation of democracy, something more than civil society action is obviouslyneeded. A strong organized opposition and a democratic culture seems to be indispensable elements for the evolution of a democratic order and tradition.

Examines the motivation behind the actions of civil groups during the Arab Spring

1. Introduction .- 2. "Dogs of Wall Street, Let Us Alone": Graffiti in Cold War Baghdad, 1953 .- 3. When Pundits Fail: "We Are All Khalid Said" and the Challenge of Democratizing Egypt .- 4. Civil Society and Political Change in Contemporary Egypt .- 5. Social Media and the Arab Spring in Bahrain: From Mobilization to Confrontation .- 6. The Middle Eastern Gender Gap: The State of Female Political Participation Before, During and After the 'Arab Spring' .- 7. The Arab Spring through a Libyan Prism: Contagion, Cleavages and Adverse Transition .- 8. Re-imagining the 'state' of Syria during the first year of the uprising (2011-2012) .- 9. Rooted in History: The Politics of Middle Eastern and North African Soccer .- 10. Civil State in the post Arab Spring Countries: Tunisia, Egypt and Libya .- 11. Conclusion.