Children and Exercise XXVII presents the latest scientific research into paediatric sport and exercise science and medicine, including contributions from a wide range of leading international experts and early career researchers. The book begins with chapters devoted to the five invited keynote lectures, followed by forty-two of the peer-reviewed presentations which are arranged into five thematic sections addressing:exercise physiologyphysical activity and healthexercise and medicinetesting and performanceyoung athlete and sports participation.The forty-seven chapters offer a review of current topics and ongoing research in paediatric sport and exercise science and medicine. The book is therefore a key text for all researchers, lecturers, paediatricians, health professionals and students with an interest in the exercising child in health and disease.

Part I The Josef Rutenfranz Lecture 1. From playground to podium - N. Armstrong Part II Keynote Lectures 2. Evidence-based physical activity interventions in children - W. van Mechelen, A.S. Singh, E.A.L.M. Verhagen, and M.J.M. Chin A. Paw 3. Physical activity and early markers of cardiovascular diseases in obese children - N. Farpour-Lambert 4. Developmental changes in muscle activation as the underlying cause for observed child-adult performance differences - B. Falk and R. Dotan 5. Understanding the genetics of birth weight - R. Freathy Part III Exercise Physiology 6. Child and adolescent differences in economy at various speeds across a two-year time period - R.W. Moore, T.S. Wenzlick, K.A. Pfeiffer, and S.G. Trost 7. Fuel use responses in young boys and girls during submaximal exercise - A. D. Mahon, L. M. Guth, M. P. Rogowski, and K. A. Craft 8. RER variability analysis by sample entropy: Comparing trained and untrained adolescent female soccer players - G.R. Biltz, V.B. Unnithan, S.R. Brown, S. Marwood, D.M. Roche, M. Garrard, and K. Holloway 9. Effect of exercise mode on fat oxidation and 'fatmax' in pre- to early pubertal girls and boys - K. Tolfrey and J.K. Zakrzewski 10. Prefrontal cortex oxygenation and muscle oxygenation during incremental exercise in children: A near-infrared spectroscopy study - M. Luszczyk, S. Kujach, R.A. Olek, R. Laskowski, and A. Szczesna-Kaczmarek 11. Comparative analysis of quadriceps endurance during sustained submaximal isometric contractions in children and adults - A. Bouchant, A. Abdelmoula, V. Martin, C. Lavet, C.A Williams, S. Ratel 12. Heat sensation of obese and non-obese pubescent boys during cycling and recovery in the heat - P.L. Sehl, G.T. Leites, J.B. Martins, G.S. Cunha, and F. Meyer 13. Ability of milk to replace fluid losses in children after exercise in the heat - K. Volterman, J. Obeid, B. Wilk, and B.W. Timmons Part IV Physical Activity and Health 14. Relationships between cardiometabolic risk factors and aerobic fitness: a fresh look - R.G. McMurray, C. Lehman, P.A. Hosick, and A. Bugge 15. Effects of a school-based cross-curricular physical activity intervention on cardiovascular disease risk factors in 11-14 year olds. - G.J. Knox, J.S. Baker, B. Davies, A. Rees, K. Morgan, and N.E. Thomas 16. Impact of changes in screen time on blood profiles and blood pressure in adolescents over a two year period - D.R. Dengel, M.O. Hearst, J.H. Harmon, and L.A. Lytle 17. Aerobic fitness and physical activity are related to lean body mass and not adiposity in preschoolers - L. Gabel, N.A. Proudfoot, and B.W. Timmons 18. Validation of the Genea waveform accelerometer for assessment of children's physical activity - L.R.S. Phillips, A.V. Rowlands, and C.G Parfitt 19. Energy cost of playing activity video games: A comparison between children with obesity and normal weight controls - C. O'Donovan, and J. Hussey 20. Contribution of organized sports to estimated energy expenditure in female adolescents - I. S. Rêgo, A.M. Rodrigues, H.M. Carvalho, E. Ronque, E. Cyrino, and M. Coelho-e-Silva 21. The effect of a 6 week school based Active Play intervention on pre-school physical activity and sedentary behaviour - M.V. O'Dwyer, Z. Knowles, S.J. Fairclough, N.D. Ridgers, L. Foweather, and G. Stratton 22. Relationships between bone mineral density and jumping height in prepubertal girls with different physical activity patterns -A.-L. Parm, J. Jürimäe, M. Saar, K. Pärna, V. Tillmann, K. Maasalu, I. Neissaar, and T. Jürimäe 23. Body structure, physical activity and quantitative ultrasound measurements in prepubertal boys - M. Szmodis, E. Bosnyák, G. Szots, E. Trájer, M. Tóth, and A. Farkas 24. The combined association of self-efficacy and fatness on physical activity in low income, minority children - K.A. Pfeiffer, D. Suton, J.C. Eisenmann, J.M. Pivarnik, J.J. Carlson, and E. Lamb 25. Physical activity in children: Does it vary by where children live, learn and play? Lessons from the built environment and active transport (beat) project - M.R. Stone, G. Faulkner, R. Buliung, and R. Mitra 26. Feasibility of physical education homework assignments in high-school - M. Pantanowitz, R. Lidor, D. Nemet, and A. Eliakim Part V Exercise and Medicine 27. Longitudinal oral contraceptive use on bone parameters - A. J. McLardy, C.D. Rodgers, M.C. Erlandson, S.A. Kontulainen, R.A. Pierson, and A.D.G. Baxter-Jones 28. The timing of bone density and estimated bone geometry at the proximal femur: A longitudinal hip structural analysis study -A. Baxter-Jones, S.A. Jackowski, D.M.L. Cooper, J.L. Lanovaz, and S.A. Kontulainen 29. Heart rate variability and aerobic fitness in adolescents born prematurely with very low birth weight - P.A. Nixon, L.K. Washburn, and T.M. O'Shea 30. Cardiopulmonary outcomes in young adults born prematurely with varying birth weights - M.C. Sullivan, P.A. Mitchell, R.J. Miller, S.B. Winchester, and J.W. Ziegler 31. Physical activity and muscle hypofunction in children with Crohn's disease: Implications for bone health - J. Hay, D.R. Mack, F. Rauch, E. Benchimol, M. Matzinger, N. Shenouda, and L M. Ward 32. Reduced fat oxidation rates during submaximal exercise in adolescents with a chronic inflammatory disease - T. Nguyen, J. Obeid, H.E. Ploeger, T. Takken, L. Pedder, R.M. Issenman, and B.W. Timmons 33. Sedentary behaviour in youth with Cerebral Palsy and age-, gender- and season-matched controls - J. Obeid, S. Noorduyn, J.W. Gorter, and B.W. Timmons 34. An adaptation of central and peripheral cardiovascular responses to exercise in children as a determinant of microvascular function - M. N. Jawis, A.R. Middlebrooke, A.V. Rowlands, and N. Armstrong 35. The effectiveness of a short-term low-intensity walking intervention on lipid profile in obese adolescents - A. M. McManus, R.R Mellecker, C. Yu, and P. T. Cheung Part VI Testing and Performance 36. Reproducibility of functional and physiological outcomes of exercise testing in ambulatory children with spina bifida - J.F. De Groot, T. Takken, M.A.C.G. Schoenmakers, R. Gooskens, S. Goossens, S. den Haak, L. Vanhees, and P.J.M. Helders 37. Validity of the oxygen uptake efficiency slope in children with cystic fibrosis - B.C. Bongers, H.J. Hulzebos, H.G.M. Arets, and T. Takken 38. The validity of the steep ramp protocol to predict peak oxygen uptake in adolescents with cystic fibrosis - H.J. Hulzebos, M.S. Werkman, P.B. van de Weert-van Leeuwen, H.G.M. Arets, and T. Takken 39. A new treadmill protocol for the clinical evaluation of children with cardiac disease - R.J. Sabath, K.M. Teson, J.E. Hulse, and M. Gelatt 40. Influence of two sprint training programmes on fitness of young soccer players - Y. Meckel, Y. Gefen, D. Nemet, and A. Eliakim 41. Weight resistance for a cycloergometer Wingate test performed by different maturational groups of male swimmers - S. Soares, P. Duarte, and R.J. Fernandes 42. Explosive leg power and body composition in 11-17-year-old boys - A. Emeljanovas, R. Rutkauskaite, V. Volbekiene, and R. Ggruodyte Part VII Young Athlete and Sports Participation 43. Training reduces catabolic and inflammatory response to a single practice in female volleyball players - A. Eliakim, S. Portal, Z. Zadik, Y. Meckel, and D. Nemet 44. Short-and long-term maximal protocols and their contribution to differentiate under-17 hockey players by competitive level - J. Valente-dos-Santos, V. Vaz, A. Santos, A.J. Figueiredo, M.T. Elferink-Gemser, R.M. Malina, and M.J. Coelho-e-Silva 45. The evaluation of small sided games as a talent identification mechanism in elite youth football - V. B. Unnithan, A. Georgiou, J. Iga, and B. Drust 46. Are there any detectable secular growth changes in young male athletes? - A. Farkas, G. Ag, and M. Szmodis 47. Isokinetic strength and risk of muscle imbalance in U-17 hockey players by competitive level - M.J.Coelho-e-Silva, H.M. Carvalho, V. Vaz, J. Valente-dos-Santos, A.J. Figueiredo, M.T. Elferink-Gemser, and R.M. Malina