This book specifically explores Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations from the different angles of its originary conceptions, including the mathematical texts, shedding new light on fundamental issues in twentieth century and contemporary philosophy. A Wittgenstein typescript, translated for the first time into English, is included as an appendix.

Introduction A Composite Work of Art Nuno Venturinha Part I Argumentative Uses 1. Religious Language as Paradigmatic of Language in General: Wittgenstein's 1933 Lectures Gabriel Citron 2. Wittgenstein's Blue Book: Reading between the Lines Jonathan Smith 3. Wittgenstein and His Audience: Esotericist or Evangelist? James C. Klagge 4. The Philosophical Investigations and Syncretistic Writing Alois Pichler 5. The Role of the Big Typescript in Wittgenstein's Later Writings Joachim Schulte Part II The Significance of Logic and Mathematics 6. Logic and Ideality: Wittgenstein's Way beyond Apriorism, Empiricism and Conventionalism in the Philosophy of Logic Oskari Kuusela 7. Kant and Wittgenstein: The Matter of Transcendental Arguments P.M.S. Hacker 8. Wittgenstein in the mid-1930s: Calculi and Language-games Andrew Lugg 9. Wittgenstein on Rules in Language and Mathematics Severin Schroeder 10. The Form of Proofs: Wittgenstein vs. Principia Mathematica André Maury Addendum: A Wittgenstein Typescript Edited by Nuno Venturinha with an English Translation by James M. Thompson