First Published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Editors' Introduction; Section I: General and Historical Aspects; Chapter 1 Education and Examinations, BrianHolmes, J. A.Lauwerys; Chapter 2 The Evolution of Examinations, A. VJudges; Section II: Introduction Examination Aims, Theories and Techniques, BrianHolmes; Chapter 3 Theories of Examinations, J. L.Brereton; Chapter 4 4Types of Examination, Philip E.Vernon; Chapter 5 Objective Testing, A. J.StaufFer; Chapter 6 Guidance Testing, ZeevSardi; Section III: Introduction6 Efficiency of Examinations, BrianHolmes; Chapter 7 Reliability and Validity of Examinations, RoyCox; Chapter 8 The Predictive Value of School Marks and Tests for Higher Education in Sweden, SixtenMarklund; Chapter 9 Some Inquiries into the Problems of Real Assessment (Docimologie), FrançoiseBacher; Chapter 10 The Reliability of the Number-marking System: An Austrian Study, RudolfWeiss; Section IV: Introduction Organization and Structure in Different Countries, BrianHolmes; Chapter 11 England and Wales, Henry G.Macintosh, Daisy M.Penfold; Chapter 12 Scotland, Douglas M.Mcintosh; Chapter 13 France, LouisLegrand; Chapter 14 Mainland Tanzania, R. C.Honeybone, J. K.Beattie; Chapter 15 West Germany, KarlheinzIngenkamp; Chapter 16 German Democratic Republic, HorstMöhle; Chapter 17 The Soviet Union, V.Strezikozin; Section V: Introduction Selection for Education by Examination, BrianHolmes; Chapter 18 The United States of America, John A. Valentine; Chapter 19 The Netherlands, J. deBruijn; Chapter 20 Argentina, Nuria Cortadade Kohan; Chapter 21 The United Arab Republic, Yusef S. El-DinKotb; Chapter 22 Nigeria, KennethMellanby; Chapter 23 Brazil, Manuel B. LourençoFilho; Chapter 24 India, SnehlataShukla; Chapter 25 Japan, KazuhikoNakayama; Section VI: Introduction Economic and Social Effects of Examinations, BrianHolmes; Chapter 26 Examination and Ritual Initiation, RosemaryFirth; Chapter 27 Effects of Examinations on the Economy, Louis J.Emmerij; Chapter 28 Sociological Aspects of Examinations, JeanCapelle; Chapter 29 Economics of Skill Labelling, HarveyLeibenstein; Chapter 30 Classification of Results in Degree Examinations in England and the United States, W. R.Niblett; Chapter 31 Examinations and the Economy: An African Study, S. H.Irvine; Chapter 32 Japan's Academic Career-Cult, ShujiWada; Chapter 33 The Examination Stranglehold in India, K. C.Mukherjee; Chapter 34 Examinations as a Determinant of National Development, IrajAyman; Chapter 35 35Selection and Social Mobility in Indonesia, I. P.Simandjuntak; Chapter 36 36TThe Dimensions of Vocational Preference and Prestige in an African Elite Group, S. H.Irvine; Section VII: Introduction Effects of Examinations on Education, Teachers, Pupils, BrianHolmes; Chapter 37 Educational Effects of Examinations, FrankBowles; Chapter 38 Examinations, Education and the Developing Child, FrankMartin J.Langeveld; Chapter 39 Educational Effects of Examinations in the United States, Ralph W.Tyler; Chapter 40 The Educational Effects of Examinations in England and Wales, J. W.Tibbie; Chapter 41 Examinations and Educational Objectives, F.Hotyat; Chapter 42 Educational Effects of Examinations on Pupils, Teachers and Society, Ruth H. K.Wong; Section VIII: Introduction Trends and Future Prospects, BrianHolmes; Chapter 43 The Council of Europe's Programme in the Field of School Examinations, RobertoLa Porta; Chapter 44 Examinations: Trends and Prospects, Nairn N.Atiyeh;