This volume presents a comprehensive review of key aspects of polyester film technology, ranging from first principles to practical applicationsBringing together world-class experts to review the state-of-the-art of key materials and processing elements of polyester film technology, Polyester Films covers a wide range of topics with direct utility to students, practitioners, business managers and researchers, in academia and industry. Topics covered in this volume include survey of optical and physical properties, microlayer coextrusion, polyester ionomers, polyester blends, biomedical applications and recycling . In particular, the text focuses on novel design and application of polyester films, such as those used in the production of flat panel displays, flexible electronics, and barrier films.The overriding objective of the book is to scope the multitude of options available to material and product designers in manipulating the properties of polyester films to meet specific performance and product criteria. These options include synthetic modifications (copolymerization), physical enhancements (blending), and process upgrades (tenter-frame changes, coextrusion, and coating).Edited by two highly qualified material scientists with extensive experience in academia and industry, Polyester Films covers topics such as:* Historical review of polyester film technology* Overview of physical performance and applications of key polyester films, especially PET and PEN* Synthetic options available for manipulating the structure and properties of polyesters, with special focus on polyester ionomers* Main blending options available to enhance the performance of commodity polyesters* Rheo-optical properties of polyester films and corresponding testing methodology* Micro-layer coextrusion technology as applied to modify the performance of polyester films* Bio-medical applications* Polyester recycling, with special focus on upcyclingWith an interdisciplinary approach covering the performance of real-life products and components, Polyester Films is an essential resource for researchers and engineers in academia and industry working in physics, material science, chemistry and process engineering. This volume should also be invaluable for graduate students and early-career researchers in similar fields.

List of Contributors xiPreface xiii1 Polyester Films: An Overview 1Jehuda Greener1.1 Introduction 11.2 Historical Overview 61.3 Physical Properties 71.4 Light Management Films 121.5 Summary 15References 162 Polyester Materials and Properties 19Dennis J. Massa2.1 Introduction 192.2 Thermoplastic Polyesters: PET, PBT, and PTT 202.3 Thermoplastic Polyesters Containing Cyclic Diols 222.4 Thermoplastic Polyester Films: PET and PEN 232.5 Aromatic Polyesters 262.6 Thermotropic Main- Chain Liquid- Crystalline Polyesters 272.7 Wholly Aliphatic Polyesters 282.8 Branched and Hyperbranched Polyesters 282.9 Thermoplastic Polyester Elastomers and Multiblock Copolymers 292.10 Biodegradable and Compostable Polyesters, and Polyesters from Renewable Feedstocks 292.11 Dependence of Polyester Properties on Polymer Entanglement Molar Mass 312.12 Polyester Blends 322.13 Ion- containing Polyesters 332.14 Filled Polyesters 342.15 Polyester Degradation 34Acknowledgment 35References 353 Film Properties and Internal Structure Development of Miscible Polyester Blends 47Karnav Kanuga3.1 Introduction 473.1.1 Thermal Transitions in Polyester 483.1.2 PET/PEN Blends 493.1.3 PET/PEI Blends 523.1.4 PEN/PEI Blends 563.1.4.1 Liquid- Liquid Transition Temperature (T ll) 613.1.5 PEN/PEI/PEEK Ternary Blends 63References 654 Polyester Ionomers 67Robert A. Weiss4.1 Introduction 674.2 Random and Segmented Polyester Ionomers 694.3 Poly(Ether- Ester) Ionomers 894.4 Random Polylactide Ionomers 1044.5 Telechelic Polyester Ionomers 1074.6 Liquid Crystalline Ionomers (LCI) 1124.7 Polyester Ionomer Patents 1264.7.1 Ionomer Synthesis 1264.7.1.1 Polyester Ionomers 1264.7.1.2 Poly(Ether Ester) Ionomers 1274.7.2 Polyester Ionomer Applications 1274.7.2.1 Adhesives 1274.7.2.2 Films, Fibers, and Textiles 1284.7.2.3 Imaging and Inks 1284.7.2.4 Coatings and Packaging 1294.7.2.5 Antistatic and Conductive Compositions 1304.7.2.6 Polymer Blends, Compatibilizers, and Nanocomposites 1304.7.2.7 Cosmetics and Personal Care Products 1314.7.2.8 Miscellaneous Applications 132Abbreviations 132References 1355 The Rheo- Optical Properties of Polyester Films 157Baris Yalcin and Miko Cakmak5.1 Birefringence and Its Measurement 1575.2 Polyester Films 1645.3 Online Optical Measurements 1675.4 Polyethylene Terephthalate 1765.4.1 Simultaneous Stretching 1765.4.1.1 Regime I 1785.4.1.2 Regime II 1805.4.1.3 Regime III 1805.4.1.4 Regime IV 1815.4.2 Sequential Stretching 1815.4.2.1 Regime I 1825.4.2.2 Regime II 1835.4.2.3 Regime III 1845.4.3 Relaxation 1845.4.4 Heat- setting 1895.4.4.1 Category I 1905.4.4.2 Category II 1925.4.4.3 Category III 1925.5 Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) and Poly(Etherimide) (PEI) Blend 1955.6 Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN) 1985.7 Poly (Lactic Acid) 2095.8 Summary 2155.8.1 Stretching Stage 2155.8.2 Relaxation Stage 2175.8.3 Heat- Setting Stage 217References 2176 Nano- Layered Films and Foams 225Troy Su, Abdullah Al Faysal, Jianxiang Zhao, and Patrick C. Lee6.1 Introduction 2256.2 Processing of MNL Films 2266.2.1 Manufacturing Technologies of Multilayered Films 2266.2.2 MNL Structures Produced by Layer Multiplication Technology 2286.2.3 Flow Instabilities in Layer Multiplication Technology 2296.3 Microstructure of MNL Films 2336.3.1 Interphase Formation 2336.3.2 Confined Crystallization 2366.3.3 In- Situ Fibrillation of a Secondary Phase 2396.3.4 Orientation of Fillers and Fibers 2396.3.5 Selective Spatial Confinement of Phases and Additives 2406.4 Mechanical and Functional Properties of MNL Films 2426.4.1 Mechanical Properties 2426.4.2 Barrier Films 2486.4.3 Dielectric Films 2506.4.4 Shape- Memory Films 2516.5 MNL Film- Foam Structures 2536.5.1 Polymeric Foams and Foaming Process 2536.5.2 Fabrication of Microcellular Foam Structures 2546.5.2.1 Cell Nucleation 2556.5.2.2 Cell Growth 2576.5.2.3 Cell Stabilization 2586.5.3 Processing of MNL Film- Foam Structures 2596.5.4 Properties and Applications of Foamed Polyesters 2616.5.4.1 Micro- and Nanocellular Foams 2616.5.4.2 MNL Film- Foam Structures 2626.6 Summary and Perspective 263List of Abbreviations 264References 2657 Heat- Setting of Polyester Films 277Jehuda Greener and Andy H. Tsou7.1 Introduction 2777.2 Some Observations on the Effects of Heat- Setting 2787.2.1 Densitometry 2797.2.2 Thermal Analysis 2827.2.3 Thermomechanical Analysis 2857.2.4 Dynamic- Mechanical Analysis 2877.2.5 Optical Properties 2897.2.6 X- Ray Diffraction 2917.3 Morphological and Microstructural Implications 2957.4 Summary 300References 3028 Polyester Materials in Biomedical Applications 306Ebrahim Jalali Dil, Abdellah Ajji, and Amir Saffar8.1 Introduction 3068.2 Perquisites for Biomedical Applications 3078.2.1 Biocompatibility 3078.2.2 Biodegradability 3088.3 Biomedical Applications of Polyesters 3098.3.1 Tissue Engineering 3098.3.2 Drug Delivery and Controlled Release Systems 3218.3.3 Orthopedic Applications 3258.3.4 Other Applications 3278.3.4.1 Polyester- based Suture 3278.3.4.2 PET Blood Collection Tubes 327References 3289 Upcycling of Polyesters 343Ion Olazabal, Elena Gabirondo, Coralie Jehanno, Kazuki Fukushima, and Haritz Sardon9.1 Introduction 3439.2 Upcycling of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) 3449.2.1 Hydrolysis 3459.2.2 Alcoholysis 3489.2.3 Aminolysis 3519.3 Upcycling of Poly(Lactic Acid) 3549.3.1 Hydrolysis of PLA 3549.3.2 Alcoholysis of PLA 3549.3.3 Hydrogenation of PLA 3559.4 Other Polyesters 3569.5 Conclusion 359Acknowledgment 359References 359Index 364