Dieses ausführliche und umfassende Fachbuch von Ernesto Peñas, Generaldirektion Maritime Angelegenheiten und Fischerei bei der Europäischen Kommission, erläutert umfänglich die Gemeinsame Fischereipolitik (GFP), politische Grundsätze, die für Wissenschaftler und Experten im Fischereiwesen überaus wichtig sind.Die einleitenden Kapitel dieses ausgezeichneten Werks beleuchten die Geschichte der GFP, die Anfänge und Weiterentwicklungen. Im Anschluss werden die wesentlichen Aspekten der GFP behandelt, darunter die Regelungen für den Erhalt der Fischbestände, für Fischereiflotten, zu Struktur, Kontrolle und Umwelt, zum externen Sektor sowie wissenschaftliche Empfehlungen, Informationen zu Interessenvertretern und zur Entscheidungsfindung. Weitere Kapitel behandeln das Mittelmeer, Aquakulturen und Reformen der Gemeinsame Fischereipolitik. Ein Ausblick auf die Zukunft der GFP folgt am Ende des Buches.The Common Fisheries Policy ist ein wichtiges Referenzwerk für Wissenschafter und Experten im Fischereiwesen weltweit und bietet eine Fülle wichtiger Informationen für Biologen der Fachrichtung, Biologen im Bereich Naturschutz, Meeresbiologen, Umweltwissenschaftler und Ökologen in Hochschuleinrichtungen, bei Regierungsstellen und NGOs sowie in der Industrie. An allen Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen weltweit, die sich mit Fischereiwesen und/oder Biowissenschaften beschäftigen, sollten dieses Referenzwerk in ihren Bibliotheken vorhalten.

Preface xiiAcknowledgements xiiiDisclaimer xiv1 Why the common fisheries policy is important 1Europe and fisheries 1The CFP as a key European policy 1The fishing sector in Europe: some facts 1A historical background 3The importance of European fishing beyond economics 7Fishing and national traditions: the difficult balance 8Fishing and the tragedy of the commons 8The importance of geography 8The importance of economics and culture 9Fisheries and international conflict 10Fisheries and European law 10The CFP in the Treaty of Rome 10Fishing in subsequent Treaties 11The Treaty of Lisbon 12Fisheries policy and European integration 13Who decides what in the CFP? 13The importance of history 15Notes 16References 162 The origin of the CFP 18Fishing in the 1960s 18The context in Europe 18The context in the world 19The precedents: ICNAF and NEAFC 20The Commission's first initiatives 21The 1967 Communication 21The structures and marketregulations of 1970 21The enlargement of 1973 22The declaration of exclusive fisheries zones as of 1977 24Relative stability and The Hague preferences 26The basic allocation key 27The Hague Preferences 28The consolidation of relative stability 28The regulations of 1983 29Regulation 170/83 29Regulation 171/83 30What remains of the 1983 policy? 31The 12?]mile regime 31Relative stability... 31... But relative stability can change 32...And relative stability can be adjusted annually: quota swaps 33The application of The Hague Preferences 34Notes 34References 353 EU enlargement and the CFP 36The first enlargements 36The second enlargement: Greece in 1981 36Spain and Portugal in 1986: a quantum leap for the CFP 36The Treaty of Accession 38The transitional period and the 'Western Waters' Regulation 38The first adaptation in 1995 39The end of the transitional period in 2002 39The effort management scheme of the western waters 39The biologically sensitive zone 40The question of access 41The other side effect of accession: the 'quota hoppers' 42Implementation of the Western Waters Regulation 43Other enlargements 43Sweden, Finland and Austria in 1995 and the failed accession of Norway 43The non?]accession of Norway 44The 2004 enlargement: new Baltic, Mediterranean and land?]locked Member States 45The enlargement of 2007: the Black Sea 46Croatia in 2013 47Notes 47References 484 The conservation policy 49Conservation: the core business of the CFP 49TACs and quotas: the main conservation instrument of the CFP 50The scope of TACs and quotas 51TACs and scientific advice: a conflicting relationship 53Improving TAC setting: from ad hoc discussions to the Policy Statement 55New types of TACs 58The elusive multi?]species TACs 59Enforcing TACs 61Quota flexibility 62From annual TACs to multi?]annual plans 62The case of cod 63The reform of 2002 and the consolidation of long?]term plans 65Other long term plans 66Other plans proposed by the Commission 69The introduction of fishing effort as a management instrument 71Cod recovery and effort management 71The implementation of effort management 73The future of effort management 75Technical measures 76Technical measures: are they just technical? 76Some historical background 77Gear characteristics 78Minimum landing sizes: a difficult compromise 82Closed areas/seasons as technical measures 83Closed areas as a mainstream management instrument 85Amending technical measures 85Implementing technical measures 86The future of technical measures 88Is the CFP conservation policy a success? 88The slow progress of the conservation policy 88The Mediterranean 92The contribution from long?]term management plans 92Linkages of the conservation policy with other policy elements 92Leisure fishing 94Notes 95References 955 Fleet policy 99The relationship between fleets and resources 99Fleet capacity and fisheries management 99Historical background: the first fleet policy 100The multi?]annual guidance programmes 100MAGPs for the period 1983-1986 101MAGPs for the period 1987-1991 101MAGPs for 1992-1996: the Gulland report 102The MAGPs 1997-2001: the Lassen report 103Did the MAGPs work? 104The modest objectives and their implementation 104The measurement of capacity 105The technological creep 106The unpopular image of the policy 106Other weaknesses of the MAGPs 106From MAGPs to Member States' responsibility: the policy since 2002 107The new policy 107Implementation 109MAGPs versus Member State responsibility 110Fleet and structural policy: have they helped each other? 111Vessel construction and modernisation: a contribution to overcapacity? 111Scrapping 112Temporary laying?]ups: an instrument to undermine fleet capacity adjustment? 113Has the fleet policy delivered? 114Is there an alternative to fleet policy? The case for rights?]based management 115Are RBM systems a panacea? 116Notes 117References 1176 Structural policy 120The structural policy: the oldest component of the CFP 120The 43 years of structural policy 121The first regulation in 1970 121The second instrument in 1976 122Structural policy and the birth of the CFP in 1983 122The accession of Spain and Portugal and the new regulation in 1986 123The first FIFG: 1994-1999 124The second FIFG: 2000-2006 125The European Fisheries Fund: 2007-2013 125Implementation of the EFF 126The new Regulation: EMFF 127Has the structural policy resolved the structural problems of the CFP? 127The evolution of the financial package 128The results: a mixed picture 128Processing industry 129Ancillary industries and infrastructures 129The development of aquaculture 130The improvements in working conditions on board 130Community?]led local development 131Contribution to the achievement of CFP objectives 131Fisheries and subsidies 132The fishing sector: a highly subsidised industry? 132State aid 133Indirect subsidies 134The effects: subsidies and competitiveness 135The 'resource rent' of the fishing sector in Europe 137Is there a social dimension in the CFP? 137The 'invisible' part of the CFP 137Working as a fisherman in Europe 139The social elements of the CFP 140Notes 141References 1417 The external dimension 144The last frontier of the CFP: external resources 144The importance of the external sector 145A stand?]alone policy pillar? 145The global governance of fisheries 146The development of international fisheries law 146Global governance 149Soft law: FAO 149Future prospects 150The recognition of the Union as a world partner for fisheries governance 151Multilateral management of fisheries 152The Union in Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs): the question of membership 152The relationship between the CFP and global fisheries management 155The contribution of RFMOs to the development of the CFP 156What challenges for the RFMOs? 157Are resources improving in RFMOs? 160Other neighbouring relationships.Coastal states of the Northeast Atlantic: the case of mackerel 161Bilateral fisheries agreements 161Mutual access agreements 162Agreements with trade concessions 164Agreements with financial compensation 164Private partnerships 165Fisheries and international conflict: the Greenland halibut war 167Notes 168References 1688 The mediterranean specificity 170The CFP in the Mediterranean 170A CFP in and for the North Sea and Atlantic 170The Importance of Mediterranean fisheries 171The Mediterranean specificity: myth or reality? 171The status of Mediterranean fisheries 172A different policy approach 175The jurisdictional regime of Mediterranean waters 175Fisheries management under the CFP 178The 1994 Regulation 178The 2006 Regulation 179Implementation and enforcement 180Multilateral management in the Mediterranean 181The case of GFCM 181ICCAT: the case of Bluefin tuna 182The Black Sea: the new challenge of the CFP 185Notes 186References 1869 Enforcing the CFP 188The control pillar of the CFP 188Why enforcement matters 188The question of competence 189The historical development ofthe control system of the CFP 1891982: The first regulation 1891987: The second regulation 1901993: The third regulation 190Further developments 191The evaluation of the control policy 192The difficulty of enforcing the CFP 193The legislation 193Member States' control 194The Commission's role 195The industry's attitude 195The issue of sanctions 196Control as a key factor in the development of the CFP 196A case story: control and effort management 197Financing the control of the CFP 197The new control regulation 198Why a new instrument? 198Regulation 1224/2009 199Future perspectives 200The international dimension of the control of fisheries 200NAFO 201NEAFC 202Other cases 202Control and the international 'level playing field': the IUU regulation 202Control in a global context 202The precedents 203The IUU Regulation of 2010 204Implementation 205Possible future developments 206Towards integration of the control of fisheries 207European integration: EFCA 207Sectorial integration: the opportunity of CISE 209Policy integration - control and structural policy: conditionality 209Notes 210References 21110 The scientific advice for the CFP 213The CFP, a science?]based policy 213The sources of fisheries research to underpin the CFP 213The sources of advice for the CFP 214The basic data for science and advice 216The processing of the data 217The evolution of the scientific advice 218From safe biological limits to maximum sustainable yield 218From short to long term advice 219Moving from single species advice 220The case of 'data poor' stocks 221The precautionary principle 223The advice in the Mediterranean 223Science and policy making: an often difficult relationship 224Scientists and policy?]makers: a different language 224Science and political decisions 224Fisheries science and enforcement 225Science and industry: from mistrust to cooperation 226The future scientific advice: new methodologies and new demands of the reformed CFP after 2013 226Economic science in the CFP 227Economic versus biological science in the CFP: closing the gap 227The Annual Economic Reports 229Economic analysis as a tool for fisheries management 229Notes 230References 23011 Fisheries and the environment 232Environmental performance of the CFP 232The integration of environmental concerns in the CFP 232What has been achieved 233Fisheries and environment: a difficult relationship 234Fisheries and the environment as complementary policies 234Pelagic sharks 235Whaling 235Eels 236Marine mammals 237Seabirds 237Environmental questions as drivers for fisheries decisions 238Implementing environmental law through the CFP 239Natura 2000 and the CFP 239The ecosystem approach 241Implementation in the CFP 241Managing the ecosystem? 243The Marine Strategy Framework Directive 244The notion of 'balanced harvest' and the ecosystem approach 245The ecosystem approach and maritime spatial planning 246Notes 247References 24712 The stakeholders 250The CFP and the 'ivory tower' effect 250The Advisory Committee for Fisheries and Aquaculture 251A historical background 251The contribution of ACFA 252Regional Advisory Councils 253The precedents: regional workshops 253The establishment of the RACs 254The growth phase 254RAC composition 255Are RACs a success? 256Non?]governmental organisations 257The precedents 257From iconic species to mainstream fisheries 258Widening the scope: from campaigners to formal stakeholders 258Other consultations 259Institutional consultations 259Social dialogue 260Consultations with the public at large 260Note 260References 26013 The governance of the CFP 262The CFP: a 'central command' policy? 262The 'micromanagement from Brussels' 262The 'culture' of the December Council 262The psychology of decision making 263Horse trading 264'Paper fish' and governance 265Allocating national quotas: a Member State prerogative 266Improving decision making 266Front loading 267The effects of the Policy Statement 267Streamlining TAC decisions 267Enlargement and decisionmaking by Council 268The CFP, a complex policy 268The ever increasing complexity 269The number of regulations 270Duplication of management instruments 271The number of Member States in Council 272The Treaty of Lisbon and co?]decision 272Co-decision and simplification 272Co?-decision and societal interests 274Council versus Parliament: Articles 43(2) and 43(3) 274Co?-decision and regionalisation 275Non-legislative elements for decision making 275Is co?-management an option for the CFP? 276Notes 277References 27714 Aquaculture 278Is aquaculture part of the CFP? 278A unique part of the CFP 278Some facts and figures on aquaculture in the EU 278The evolution of the EU policy in promoting aquaculture development 279EU legislation and aquaculture 280Aquaculture as part of the structural policy of the CFP 280Aquaculture and environmental policy 280Aquaculture and sanitary policy 282Aquaculture and research policy 283Alien species in aquaculture 283Stakeholders 283The aquaculture strategies 2832002: The first strategy 2842009: The second strategy 2842013: The strategic guidelines 285Aquaculture strategy and CFP reform 285What future for European aquaculture? 286European aquaculture: a unique mixture of strengths and weaknesses 286The challenges 286Notes 289References 28915 Reforming the CFP: 1992 and 2002 291Reforming the CFP 291The first reform: 1992 292The context 292The new basic regulation of 1992 293Implementation of the first reform 293The second reform: 2002 294The context 294Vessel construction 295Long?-term plans 296Regional Advisory Councils 296Other issues 297What the 2002 reform missed: Maximum Sustainable Yield 298The implementation of the 2002 reform 300Note 301References 30116 The CFP reform of 2013 303The context for reform and the Green Paper 303The reform in 2012: the status quo is not an option 303The Green Paper 303The proposals 304The impact assessment 304The package 305The discard ban 305Why a discard ban? 305Why a top?]down approach? 306The practical difficulties and the need for flexibility 308Discard ban and TAC levels 309Regionalisation 310Regionalising the CFP: easier said than done 310Regionalisation and national law: the need for delegated acts 310Maximum sustainable yield 311Accepting the principle 311Is MSY a balanced objective? 311MSY by when? 312Which MSY: based on fishing mortality or biomass? 312Why not Maximum Economic Yield? 313MSY for mixed fisheries 314Transferable fishing concessions and fleet policy 314Why a system of transferable rights? 314Why did TFCs fail? 315The new fleet policy 316Other issues in the basic regulation 317The policy objectives 317Long?-term management plans 317The composition of Advisory Councils 318Integration of environmental concerns 318Closed areas 319Aquaculture 320Control 320Scientific advice and data collection 321Small?-scale fishing 321Delegated and implementing acts 321The external dimension 322Contributing to long?]term sustainability worldwide 322The new market regulation 323The new structural instrument: the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) 324The proposal 325The negotiation and the final regulation 326Fleet measures 327Aquaculture 329Marketing 329Outermost regions 330Control and data collection 330Processing industry 331Social measures 331Environmental measures 332Other measures 333Community-led local development 334Integrated maritime policy 335Conditionality 335Investments by the Commission under direct management 336The allocation of funds 337Notes 339References 33917 What's next? 341Implementing the new CFP: a daily affair 341Implementation of the MSY objectives 342MSY in 2015 or 2020? 342MSY proxies 342MSY in multi-species fisheries 342Implementing the discard ban 343The necessary changes in current legislation: the 'omnibus' proposal 343Improving selectivity: the next generation of technical measures 343Preparing the future rules 344The problem of 'choke species' 344Facilitating the discard ban 345Controlling the discard ban 346Discard ban and conservation policy: a new paradigm 346Regionalisation 347Enhancing regional cooperation 348Regionalisation versus harmonisation 348The role of stakeholders 350Long?-term multi-species management plans 351Planned versus bottom?-up approach 351What multi?-species approach? 351Scope of the plans 352Other issues 353Improving the scientific advice 353Natura 2000 sites 354Fishery Protected Areas: a lost opportunity? 354The role of consumers 355The future of management by fishing effort 355The new CFP under co-decision 356Co?-decision and policy complexity 356Adaptation of legislation 356The role of the Commission 356Will the new CFP prevent the 'tragedy of the commons'? 357Fisheries in a wider maritime context: integrated maritime policy 360Blue growth 360Maritime Spatial Planning 361Marine knowledge 361Some external challenges for the CFP 361The effects of climate change 362Possible increases in fuel prices 363Possible changes in the ownership of the means of production 363Possible changes in the world's fisheries governance 364Closing remarks 364Notes 365References 365Glossary 367Index 371