A multidisciplinary reference of engineering measurement tools, techniques, and applications"When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the stage of science." -- Lord KelvinMeasurement is at the heart of any engineering and scientific discipline and job function. Whether engineers and scientists are attempting to state requirements quantitatively and demonstrate compliance; to track progress and predict results; or to analyze costs and benefits, they must use the right tools and techniques to produce meaningful data.The Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering is the most comprehensive, up-to-date reference set on engineering and scientific measurements--beyond anything on the market today. Encyclopedic in scope, Volume 3 covers measurements in physics, electrical engineering and chemistry:* Laser Measurement Techniques* Magnetic Force Images using Capacitive Coupling Effect* Scanning Tunneling Microscopy* Measurement of Light and Color* The Detection and Measurement of Ionizing Radiation* Measuring Time and Comparing Clocks* Laboratory-Based Gravity Measurement* Cryogenic Measurements* Temperature-Dependent Fluorescence Measurements* Voltage and Current Transducers for Power Systems* Electric Power and Energy Measurement* Chemometrics for the Engineering and Measurement Sciences* Liquid Chromatography* Mass Spectroscopy Measurements of Nitrotyrosine-Containing Proteins* Fluorescence Spectroscopy* X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy* Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy* Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy* Nanomaterials Properties* Chemical SensingVital for engineers, scientists, and technical managers in industry and government, Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering will also prove ideal for academics and researchers at universities and laboratories.

VOLUME 3List of Contributors xxiPREFACE xxvPart VII Physics and Electrical Engineering 194354 Laser Measurement Techniques 1945Cecil S. Joseph, Gargi Sharma, Thomas M. Goyette, and Robert H. Giles54.1 Introduction, 194554.2 Laser Measurements: Laser-Based Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems, 196554.3 Laser Imaging Techniques, 1974References, 199755 Magnetic Force Images Using Capacitive Coupling Effect 2001Byung I. Kim55.1 Introduction, 200155.2 Experiment 200455.3 Results and Discussion 200655.4 Conclusion 2020References 202156 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 2025Kwok-Wai Ng56.1 Introduction 202556.2 Theory of Operation 202656.3 Measurement of the Tunnel Current 203056.4 The Scanner 203256.5 Operating Mode 203556.6 Coarse Approach Mechanism 203656.7 Summary 2041References 204257 Measurement of Light and Color 2043John D. Bullough57.1 Introduction 204357.2 Lighting Terminology 204357.3 Basic Principles of Photometry and Colorimetry 205657.4 Instrumentation 2072References 207458 The Detection and Measurement of Ionizing Radiation 2075Clair J. Sullivan58.1 Introduction 207558.2 Common Interactions of Ionizing Radiation 207658.3 The Measurement of Charge 207758.4 Major Types of Detectors 208158.5 Neutron Detection 210058.6 Concluding Remarks 2106References 210659 Measuring Time and Comparing Clocks 2109Judah Levine59.1 Introduction 210959.2 A Generic Clock 210959.3 Characterizing the Stability of Clocks and Oscillators 211059.4 Characteristics of Different Types of Oscillators 211759.5 Comparing Clocks and Oscillators 211959.6 Noise Models 212159.7 Measuring Tools and Methods 212659.8 Measurement Strategies 212959.9 The Kalman Estimator 213359.10 Transmitting Time and Frequency Information 213559.11 Examples of the Measurement Strategies 214159.11.1 The Navigation Satellites of the GPS 214159.12 The Polling Interval: How Often Should I Calibrate a Clock? 215259.13 Error Detection 215559.14 Cost-Benefit Analysis 215659.15 The National Time Scale 215759.16 Traceability 215859.17 Summary 215959.18 Bibliography 2160References 216060 Laboratory-Based Gravity Measurement 2163Charles D. Hoyle Jr.60.1 Introduction 216360.2 Motivation for Laboratory-Scale Tests of Gravitational Physics 216460.3 Parameterization 216560.4 Current Status of Laboratory-Scale Gravitational Measurements 216660.5 Torsion Pendulum Experiments 216760.6 Microoscillators and Submicron Tests of Gravity 217760.7 Atomic and Nuclear Physics Techniques 2178Acknowledgements 2178References 217861 Cryogenic Measurements 2181Ray Radebaugh61.1 Introduction 218161.2 Temperature 218261.3 Strain 220161.4 Pressure 220561.5 Flow 221161.6 Liquid Level 221861.7 Magnetic Field 221961.8 Conclusions 2220References 222062 Temperature-Dependent Fluorescence Measurements 2225James E. Parks, Michael R. Cates, Stephen W. Allison, David L. Beshears, M. Al Akerman, and Matthew B. Scudiere62.1 Introduction 222562.2 Advantages of Phosphor Thermometry 222762.3 Theory and Background 222762.4 Laboratory Calibration of Tp Systems 223562.5 History of Phosphor Thermometry 223862.6 Representative Measurement Applications 223962.7 Two-Dimensional and Time-Dependent Temperature Measurement 224162.8 Conclusion 2243References 224363 Voltage and Current Transducers for Power Systems 2245Carlo Muscas and Nicola Locci63.1 Introduction 224563.2 Characterization of Voltage and Current Transducers 224763.3 Instrument Transformers 224863.4 Transducers Based on Passive Components 225563.5 Hall-Effect and Zero-Flux Transducers 225863.6 Air-Core Current Transducers: Rogowski Coils 226263.7 Optical Current and Voltage Transducers 2267References and Further Reading 227364 Electric Power and Energy Measurement 2275Alessandro Ferrero and Marco Faifer64.1 Introduction 227564.2 Power and Energy in Electric Circuits 227664.3 Measurement Methods 228264.4 Wattmeters 228864.5 Transducers 229064.6 Power Quality Measurements 2303References 2305Part VIII CHEMISTRY 230765 An Overview of Chemometrics for the Engineering and Measurement Sciences 2309Brad Swarbrick and Frank Westad65.1 Introduction: The Past and Present of Chemometrics 230965.2 Representative Data 231165.3 Exploratory Data Analysis 231765.4 Multivariate Regression 235265.5 Multivariate Classification 236965.6 Techniques for Validating Chemometric Models 238565.7 An Introduction to Mspc 238965.8 Terminology 239765.9 Chapter Summary 2401References 240466 Liquid Chromatography 2409Zhao Li, Sandya Beeram, Cong Bi, Ellis Kaufmann, Ryan Matsuda, Maria Podariu, Elliott Rodriguez, Xiwei Zheng, and David S. Hage66.1 Introduction 240966.2 Support Materials in Lc 241266.3 Role of the Mobile Phase in Lc 241366.4 Adsorption Chromatography 241466.5 Partition Chromatography 241566.6 Ion-Exchange Chromatography 241766.7 Size-Exclusion Chromatography 241966.8 Affinity Chromatography 242166.9 Detectors for Liquid Chromatography 242366.10 Other Components of Lc Systems 2426Acknowledgements 2427References 242767 Mass Spectroscopy Measurements of Nitrotyrosine-Containing Proteins 2431Xianquan Zhan and Dominic M. Desiderio67.1 Introduction 243167.2 Mass Spectrometric Characteristics of Nitropeptides 243467.3 Ms Measurement of in vitro Synthetic Nitroproteins 244367.4 Ms Measurement of In Vivo Nitroproteins 244667.5 Ms Measurement of In Vivo Nitroproteins in Different Pathological Conditions 244967.6 Biological Function Measurement of Nitroproteins 245667.7 Pitfalls of Nitroprotein Measurement 246267.8 Conclusions 2463Nomenclature 2464Acknowledgments 2465References 246568 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 2475Yevgen Povrozin and Beniamino Barbieri68.1 Observables Measured in Fluorescence 247668.2 The Perrin-JabBonski Diagram 247668.3 Instrumentation 247968.4 Fluorophores 248668.5 Measurements 248768.6 Conclusions 2498References 2498Further Reading 249869 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy 2499Grant Bunker69.1 Introduction 249969.2 Basic Physics of X-Rays 249969.3 Experimental Requirements 250569.4 Measurement Modes 250769.5 Sources 250769.6 Beamlines 251269.7 Detectors 251869.8 Sample Preparation and Detection Modes 252169.9 Absolute Measurements 2526References 252670 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Nmr) Spectroscopy 2529Kenneth R. Metz70.1 Introduction 252970.2 Historical Review 253070.3 Basic Principles of Spin Magnetization 253170.4 Exciting the Nmr Signal 253470.5 Detecting the Nmr Signal 253870.6 Computing the Nmr Spectrum 254070.7 Nmr Instrumentation 254270.8 The Basic Pulsed Ftnmr Experiment 255070.9 Characteristics of Nmr Spectra 255170.10 Nmr Relaxation Effects 256370.11 Dynamic Phenomena in Nmr 256870.12 Multidimensional Nmr 257370.13 Conclusion 2580References 258071 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Role in Scientific and Engineering Applications 2583Brad Swarbrick71.1 Introduction to Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Historical Perspectives 258371.2 The Theory Behind Nir Spectroscopy 258871.3 Instrumentation for Nir Spectroscopy 259571.4 Modes of Spectral Collection and Sample Preparation in Nir Spectroscopy 260971.5 Preprocessing of Nir Spectra for Chemometric Analysis 262071.6 A Brief Overview of Applications of Nir Spectroscopy 263371.7 Summary and Future Perspectives 264771.8 Terminology 2648References 265272 Nanomaterials Properties 2657Paul J. Simmonds72.1 Introduction 265772.2 The Rise of Nanomaterials 266072.3 Nanomaterial Properties Resulting from High Surface-Area-to-Volume Ratio 266172.4 Nanomaterial Properties Resulting from Quantum Confinement 267472.5 Conclusions 2695References 269573 Chemical Sensing 2707W. Rudolf Seitz73.1 Introduction 270773.2 Electrical Methods 270973.3 Optical Methods 271773.4 Mass Sensors 272273.5 Sensor Arrays (Electronic Nose) 2724References 2724Index 2727