Saini, P: Fundamentals of Conjugated Polymer Blends, Copolym
Beschreibung:
Since their discovery in 1977, the evolution of conducting polymers has revolutionized modern science and technology. These polymers enjoy a special status in the area of materials science yet they are not as popular among young readers or common people when compared to other materials like metals, paper, plastics, rubber, textiles, ceramics and composites like concrete. Most importantly, much of the available literature in the form of papers, specific review articles and books is targeted either at advanced readers (scientists/technologists/engineers/senior academicians) or for those who are already familiar with the topic (doctoral/postdoctoral scholars). For a beginner or even school/college students, such compilations are bit difficult to access/digest. In fact, they need proper introduction to the topic of conducting polymers including their discovery, preparation, properties, applications and societal impact, using suitable examples and already known principles/knowledge/phenomenon. Further, active participation of readers in terms of "question & answers", "fill-in-the-blanks", "numerical" along with suitable answer key is necessary to maintain the interest and to initiate the "thought process". The readers also need to know about the drawbacks and any hazards of such materials. Therefore, I believe that a comprehensive source on the science/technology of conducting polymers which maintains a link between grass root fundamentals and state-of-the-art R&D is still missing from the open literature.
Foreword by Sir Richard Friend xv
Preface xvi
Part 1: Multiphase Systems: Synthesis, Properties and Applications
1 Conjugated Polymer-based Blends, Copolymers, and Composites: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications 3
Parveen Saini
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 CPs/ICPs-Based Blends 7
1.2.1 Classification of CPs/ICPs-Based Blends 8
1.3 CPs/ICPs-Based Copolymers (CCPs) 11
1.3.1 Types of CPs/ICPs-Based Copolymers 11
1.3.2 Sub-Classification of Linear or Graft BCPs 20
1.4 CPs/ICPs-Based Composites/Nanocomposites/Hybrids 23
1.4.1 Categorization of CPs/ICPs-Based NCs 26
1.5 Interpenetrating/Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN/SIPN) 29
1.6 Synthesis of CPs/ICPs-Based BLNs, CCPs, and CMPs/NCs/HYBs 30
1.6.1 Synthesis of Undoped CPs-Based BLNs 30
1.6.2 Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers-Based Copolymers 39
1.6.3 CPs/ICPs-Based CMPs/NCs 52
1.7 Applications of CPs/ICPs-Based BLNs, CCPs, and CMPs/NCS/HYBs 63
1.7.1 ICP-Based Systems 63
1.7.2 CPs-Based Systems 63
1.8 Conclusions 79
Acknowledgments 80
References 80
2 Progress in Polyaniline Composites with Transition Metal Oxides 119
Gordana Ciric-Marjanovic
2.1 Introduction 119
2.2 PANI/Transition Metal Oxide Composites 120
2.2.1 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Copper Group of Transition Metals 121
2.2.2 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Zinc Group of Transition Metals 121
2.2.3 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Scandium Group of Transition Metals 124
2.2.4 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Titanium Group of Transition Metals 126
2.2.5 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Vanadium Group of Transition Metals 131
2.2.6 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Chromium Group of Transition Metals 132
2.2.7 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Manganese Group of Transition Metals 137
2.2.8 PANI Composites with Oxides of Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel Groups of Transition Metals 140
2.3 Conclusions and Outlook 151
Abbreviations 152
References 153
3 Conjugated-Polymer/Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials-Based Hybrids for Optoelectronic Applications 163
Anuushka Pal, Parveen Saini, and Sameer Sapra
3.1 Introduction 164
3.2 Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (QCNs) 165
3.2.1 Inorganic Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (QCNs) 166
3.2.2 Organic Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (QCNs) 167
3.3 Synthetic Approaches for Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (QCNs) 168
3.3.1 Synthesis of Inorganic Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials 169
3.3.2 Synthesis of Organic Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials 174
3.3.3 Optical Properties 176
3.4 Conjugated-Polymer/Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (CP/QCN) Hybrids 183
3.4.1 Methodologies for Making Conjugated-Polymer/Inorganic QCN Hybrids 183
3.4.2 Chemical Methods 184
3.5 Optoelectronic Applications of Hybrids 190
3.5.1 Hybrid Solar Cell 190
3.5.2 Light-Emitting Diodes 201
3.5.3 GQDs/Conjugated-Polymer-Based Counter Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 208
3.6 Outlook and Perspective: Current Challenges and Future Scope/Prospects 210
Acknowledgments 211
References 211
4 Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites for Optoelectronic and Biological Applications 229
Tapas Kuila, Yu Dong Sheng, and Naresh Chandra Murmu
4.1 Introduction 230
4.2 Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites 231
4.2.1 Preparation of Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites 232
4.2.2 Different Types of Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites and Their Properties 234
4.2.3 Characterizations of Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites 252
4.3 Applications of Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites 263
4.3.1 Optoelectronic Application 263
4.3.2 Biological Applications 268
4.4 Conclusions and Future Scope 270
Acknowledgements 271
References 271
Part 2: Energy Harvesting and Storage Materials
5 Conjugated Polymers-Based Blends, Composites and Copolymers for Photovoltaics 283
Ashish Dubey, Parveen Saini, and Qiquan Qiao
5.1 Introduction 284
5.2 Organic Photovoltaic (OPV) Cells 284
5.3 OPV Device Architecture and Working Mechanism 287
5.4 Solar Cell Terminologies and Characterization Parameters 290
5.4.1 Air Mass (AM) 290
5.4.2 Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc) 291
5.4.3 Short Circuit Current Density (Jsc) 292
5.4.4 Fill Factor (FF) 292
5.4.5 Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) ( ) 293
5.4.6 Quantum Efficiency (QE) 294
5.5 CPs-Based Blends, Composites and Copolymers for OPVs 295
5.5.1 Polymer-Fullerene BHJ Blends 296
5.5.2 Organic-Inorganic Composites/Hybrids 303
5.5.3 Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Composites 307
5.5.4 Polymer/Graphene-Based Composites 312
5.6 Conjugated Copolymers for PVs 314
5.6.1 Donor-Acceptor Type Alternating Copolymers 315
5.6.2 Block Copolymers with Built in p-Type Donor and n-Type Acceptor 320
5.7 Conclusions: Current Challenges and Prospects 326
Acknowledgements 327
References 327
6 Conducting Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Thermoelectric Applications 339
Qin Yao, Lidong Chen, and Sanyin Qu
6.1 Introduction 340
6.2 Synthesis Methods 346
6.2.1 In Situ Polymerization 346
6.2.2 Solution Mixing 354
6.2.3 Mechanical Mixing 359
6.3 TE Properties of CP/Inorganic Nanocomposites 361
6.3.1 CP/CNT Composite 362
6.3.2 CP/Graphene Composites 368
6.3.3 CP/Metal Composites 371
6.3.4 CP/Metal Compounds Composites 373
6.4 Summary 376
References 377
7 Conjugated-Polymer/Inorganic Nanocomposites as Electrode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries 379
Qingsheng Gao, Lichun Yang, and Ning Liu
7.1 Introduction 379
7.2 Nanocomposites of Conjugated Polymer/Inorganic as Cathode Materials 383
7.2.1 LiFePO4 383
7.2.2 MnO2 386
7.2.3 V2O5 393
7.3 Nanocomposites of Conjugated Polymers/Inorganic as Anode Materials 402
7.3.1 Silicon 402
7.3.2 SnO2 405
7.3.3 Other Conjugated Polymer-Based Anode Materials 410
7.4 Conclusion 412
Acknowledgments 413
References 413
8 Polypyrrole/Inorganic Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors 419
Peng Liu
8.1 Introduction 419
8.2 Polypyrrole/Carbon Nanocomposites 420
8.2.1 Carbon Nanoparticles 421
8.2.2 Carbon Nanofibers 421
8.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 422
8.2.4 Graphene and Derivatives 427
8.3 Polypyrrole/Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 432
8.3.1 Manganese Oxides 432
8.3.2 Titanium Oxides 435
8.3.3 Ruthenium Oxides 436
8.3.4 Other Metal Oxides 436
8.4 Polypyrrole/Clay Nanocomposites 437
8.5 Other Polypyrrole/Inorganic Nanocomposites 438
8.6 Polypyrrole Ternary Composites 439
8.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 443
Acknowledgments 444
References 444
Part 3: Advanced Materials for Environmental Applications
9 Intrinsically Conducting Polymer-Based Blends and Composites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding: Theoretical and Experimental Aspects 451
Parveen Saini
9.1 Introduction 451
9.2 Shielding Phenomenon 453
9.2.1 Theoretical Shielding Effectiveness 454
9.2.2 Experimental Shielding Effectiveness 467
9.2.3 Complex Permittivity and Permeability 469
9.2.4 Shielding Materials and Design Considerations 472
9.2.5 Synthesis of ICPs-Based Hybrids (Blends and Composites) 475
9.2.6 Electrical Properties of ICPs-Based Blends and Composites 481
9.2.7 EMI Shielding Performance of ICPs-Loaded Blends and Composites 483
9.2.8 EMI Shielding Performance of ICP-Matrix-Based Composites 492
9.2.9 EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorbing Performance of ICPs/Filler Hybrid-Loaded Polymer Matrix Composites 505
9.3 Conclusions 507
References 508
10 Anticorrosion Coatings Based on Conjugated Polymers 519
M. Federica De Riccardis
10.1 Introduction 519
10.2 Basic Concepts of Corrosion 522
10.3 Corrosion Prevention 524
10.4 Corrosion Tests 527
10.4.1 Immersion Tests 528
10.4.2 Cabinet Tests 529
10.4.3 Electrochemical Tests 530
10.5 Conjugated Polymers as Anticorrosion Layers 538
10.6 Conjugated Polymers Nanocomposite as Anticorrosion Layers 552
10.7 Conclusions 574
References 575
11 Conjugated Polymer-Based Composites for Water Purification 581
Jiaxing Li, Yongshun Huang, and Dadong Shao
11.1 Introduction 582
11.2 Adsorption Phenomenon 583
11.2.1 Adsorption Isotherms 584
11.2.2 Adsorption Kinetics 588
11.2.3 Adsorption Thermodynamics 589
11.3 PANI-Related Composites in Water Purification 591
11.3.1 PANI/Inorganic Composites 592
11.3.2 PANI/Organic Composites 594
11.4 PPy-Related Composites in Water Purification 601
11.4.1 PPy/Inorganic Composites 601
11.4.2 PPy/Organic Composites 602
11.5 Miscellaneous Conjugated Polymer Composites in Water Purification 606
11.6 Conclusion 609
Acknowledgment 609
References 609
Part 4: Sensing and Responsive Materials
12 Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites-Based Chemical Sensors 621
Pradip Kar, Arup Choudhury, and Sushil Kumar Verma
12.1 Introduction 622
12.2 Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites as Chemical Receptor 626
12.3 General Methods for Preparation of Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposite 631
12.3.1 Ex-situ Method 632
12.3.2 In-situ Method 642
12.4 Influence of Properties of Conjugated Polymer by Interaction with Nano-Filler 644
12.5 Fabrication of Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposite Layer/Film for Sensor 647
12.5.1 Electrochemical Deposition 647
12.5.2 Pellet Preparation 648
12.5.3 Dip Coating 649
12.5.4 Spin Coating 651
12.5.5 Drop Coating 652
12.5.6 Film Casting 653
12.5.7 Printing 654
12.5.8 Other Methods 655
12.6 Chemical Sensing Performance of Conjugated Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 656
12.6.1 Sensing by Conjugated Polymer/Organic Nanocomposites 656
12.6.2 Sensing by Conjugated Polymer/Inorganic Nanocomposites 658
12.7 Mechanism of Chemical Sensing by Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposite 670
12.7.1 Strong Chemical Interaction with the Conjugated Polymer 672
12.7.2 Weak Physical Interaction with the Conjugated Polymer 674
12.7.3 Weak Physical Interaction with the Nanomaterial 677
12.8 Challenges and Prospects 679
References 681
13 Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites for Biosensors 687
Deepshikha Saini
13.1 Introduction 687
13.2 Synthesis of Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites 690
13.2.1 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 691
13.2.2 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Metal Nanoparticles 694
13.2.3 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Metal Oxides 696
13.2.4 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Metal Phthalocyanines and Porphyrins 698
13.2.5 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Biological Materials 700
13.2.6 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Graphene 702
13.3 Current and Emerging Applications of Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites in Biosensors 706
13.3.1 Catalytic Biosensors 707
13.3.2 Bioaffinity Sensor 714
13.4 Conclusions and Outlook 719
References 722
14 Polyaniline Nanocomposites for Smart Electrorheological Fluid Applications 731
Jianbo Yin and Xiaopeng Zhao
14.1 Introduction 731
14.2 PANI as Filler for ER Fluids 734
14.3 Core/Shell-Structured PANI Nanocomposites for ER Fluids 737
14.3.1 PANI-Coated Core/Shell-Structured Nanocomposites 737
14.3.2 PANI-Encapsulated Core/Shell-Structured Nanocomposites 743
14.4 Pani-Intercalated Nanocomposites for ER Fluids 747
14.4.1 PANI/Clay Nanocomposites 747
14.4.2 PANI/Mesoporous Silica Nanocomposites 750
14.5 Conclusions 752
Acknowledgments 752
References 752
Index 759
Preface xvi
Part 1: Multiphase Systems: Synthesis, Properties and Applications
1 Conjugated Polymer-based Blends, Copolymers, and Composites: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications 3
Parveen Saini
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 CPs/ICPs-Based Blends 7
1.2.1 Classification of CPs/ICPs-Based Blends 8
1.3 CPs/ICPs-Based Copolymers (CCPs) 11
1.3.1 Types of CPs/ICPs-Based Copolymers 11
1.3.2 Sub-Classification of Linear or Graft BCPs 20
1.4 CPs/ICPs-Based Composites/Nanocomposites/Hybrids 23
1.4.1 Categorization of CPs/ICPs-Based NCs 26
1.5 Interpenetrating/Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN/SIPN) 29
1.6 Synthesis of CPs/ICPs-Based BLNs, CCPs, and CMPs/NCs/HYBs 30
1.6.1 Synthesis of Undoped CPs-Based BLNs 30
1.6.2 Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers-Based Copolymers 39
1.6.3 CPs/ICPs-Based CMPs/NCs 52
1.7 Applications of CPs/ICPs-Based BLNs, CCPs, and CMPs/NCS/HYBs 63
1.7.1 ICP-Based Systems 63
1.7.2 CPs-Based Systems 63
1.8 Conclusions 79
Acknowledgments 80
References 80
2 Progress in Polyaniline Composites with Transition Metal Oxides 119
Gordana Ciric-Marjanovic
2.1 Introduction 119
2.2 PANI/Transition Metal Oxide Composites 120
2.2.1 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Copper Group of Transition Metals 121
2.2.2 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Zinc Group of Transition Metals 121
2.2.3 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Scandium Group of Transition Metals 124
2.2.4 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Titanium Group of Transition Metals 126
2.2.5 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Vanadium Group of Transition Metals 131
2.2.6 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Chromium Group of Transition Metals 132
2.2.7 PANI Composites with Oxides of the Manganese Group of Transition Metals 137
2.2.8 PANI Composites with Oxides of Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel Groups of Transition Metals 140
2.3 Conclusions and Outlook 151
Abbreviations 152
References 153
3 Conjugated-Polymer/Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials-Based Hybrids for Optoelectronic Applications 163
Anuushka Pal, Parveen Saini, and Sameer Sapra
3.1 Introduction 164
3.2 Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (QCNs) 165
3.2.1 Inorganic Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (QCNs) 166
3.2.2 Organic Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (QCNs) 167
3.3 Synthetic Approaches for Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (QCNs) 168
3.3.1 Synthesis of Inorganic Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials 169
3.3.2 Synthesis of Organic Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials 174
3.3.3 Optical Properties 176
3.4 Conjugated-Polymer/Quantum-Confined Nanomaterials (CP/QCN) Hybrids 183
3.4.1 Methodologies for Making Conjugated-Polymer/Inorganic QCN Hybrids 183
3.4.2 Chemical Methods 184
3.5 Optoelectronic Applications of Hybrids 190
3.5.1 Hybrid Solar Cell 190
3.5.2 Light-Emitting Diodes 201
3.5.3 GQDs/Conjugated-Polymer-Based Counter Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 208
3.6 Outlook and Perspective: Current Challenges and Future Scope/Prospects 210
Acknowledgments 211
References 211
4 Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites for Optoelectronic and Biological Applications 229
Tapas Kuila, Yu Dong Sheng, and Naresh Chandra Murmu
4.1 Introduction 230
4.2 Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites 231
4.2.1 Preparation of Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites 232
4.2.2 Different Types of Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites and Their Properties 234
4.2.3 Characterizations of Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites 252
4.3 Applications of Graphene/Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites 263
4.3.1 Optoelectronic Application 263
4.3.2 Biological Applications 268
4.4 Conclusions and Future Scope 270
Acknowledgements 271
References 271
Part 2: Energy Harvesting and Storage Materials
5 Conjugated Polymers-Based Blends, Composites and Copolymers for Photovoltaics 283
Ashish Dubey, Parveen Saini, and Qiquan Qiao
5.1 Introduction 284
5.2 Organic Photovoltaic (OPV) Cells 284
5.3 OPV Device Architecture and Working Mechanism 287
5.4 Solar Cell Terminologies and Characterization Parameters 290
5.4.1 Air Mass (AM) 290
5.4.2 Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc) 291
5.4.3 Short Circuit Current Density (Jsc) 292
5.4.4 Fill Factor (FF) 292
5.4.5 Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) ( ) 293
5.4.6 Quantum Efficiency (QE) 294
5.5 CPs-Based Blends, Composites and Copolymers for OPVs 295
5.5.1 Polymer-Fullerene BHJ Blends 296
5.5.2 Organic-Inorganic Composites/Hybrids 303
5.5.3 Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Composites 307
5.5.4 Polymer/Graphene-Based Composites 312
5.6 Conjugated Copolymers for PVs 314
5.6.1 Donor-Acceptor Type Alternating Copolymers 315
5.6.2 Block Copolymers with Built in p-Type Donor and n-Type Acceptor 320
5.7 Conclusions: Current Challenges and Prospects 326
Acknowledgements 327
References 327
6 Conducting Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Thermoelectric Applications 339
Qin Yao, Lidong Chen, and Sanyin Qu
6.1 Introduction 340
6.2 Synthesis Methods 346
6.2.1 In Situ Polymerization 346
6.2.2 Solution Mixing 354
6.2.3 Mechanical Mixing 359
6.3 TE Properties of CP/Inorganic Nanocomposites 361
6.3.1 CP/CNT Composite 362
6.3.2 CP/Graphene Composites 368
6.3.3 CP/Metal Composites 371
6.3.4 CP/Metal Compounds Composites 373
6.4 Summary 376
References 377
7 Conjugated-Polymer/Inorganic Nanocomposites as Electrode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries 379
Qingsheng Gao, Lichun Yang, and Ning Liu
7.1 Introduction 379
7.2 Nanocomposites of Conjugated Polymer/Inorganic as Cathode Materials 383
7.2.1 LiFePO4 383
7.2.2 MnO2 386
7.2.3 V2O5 393
7.3 Nanocomposites of Conjugated Polymers/Inorganic as Anode Materials 402
7.3.1 Silicon 402
7.3.2 SnO2 405
7.3.3 Other Conjugated Polymer-Based Anode Materials 410
7.4 Conclusion 412
Acknowledgments 413
References 413
8 Polypyrrole/Inorganic Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors 419
Peng Liu
8.1 Introduction 419
8.2 Polypyrrole/Carbon Nanocomposites 420
8.2.1 Carbon Nanoparticles 421
8.2.2 Carbon Nanofibers 421
8.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 422
8.2.4 Graphene and Derivatives 427
8.3 Polypyrrole/Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 432
8.3.1 Manganese Oxides 432
8.3.2 Titanium Oxides 435
8.3.3 Ruthenium Oxides 436
8.3.4 Other Metal Oxides 436
8.4 Polypyrrole/Clay Nanocomposites 437
8.5 Other Polypyrrole/Inorganic Nanocomposites 438
8.6 Polypyrrole Ternary Composites 439
8.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 443
Acknowledgments 444
References 444
Part 3: Advanced Materials for Environmental Applications
9 Intrinsically Conducting Polymer-Based Blends and Composites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding: Theoretical and Experimental Aspects 451
Parveen Saini
9.1 Introduction 451
9.2 Shielding Phenomenon 453
9.2.1 Theoretical Shielding Effectiveness 454
9.2.2 Experimental Shielding Effectiveness 467
9.2.3 Complex Permittivity and Permeability 469
9.2.4 Shielding Materials and Design Considerations 472
9.2.5 Synthesis of ICPs-Based Hybrids (Blends and Composites) 475
9.2.6 Electrical Properties of ICPs-Based Blends and Composites 481
9.2.7 EMI Shielding Performance of ICPs-Loaded Blends and Composites 483
9.2.8 EMI Shielding Performance of ICP-Matrix-Based Composites 492
9.2.9 EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorbing Performance of ICPs/Filler Hybrid-Loaded Polymer Matrix Composites 505
9.3 Conclusions 507
References 508
10 Anticorrosion Coatings Based on Conjugated Polymers 519
M. Federica De Riccardis
10.1 Introduction 519
10.2 Basic Concepts of Corrosion 522
10.3 Corrosion Prevention 524
10.4 Corrosion Tests 527
10.4.1 Immersion Tests 528
10.4.2 Cabinet Tests 529
10.4.3 Electrochemical Tests 530
10.5 Conjugated Polymers as Anticorrosion Layers 538
10.6 Conjugated Polymers Nanocomposite as Anticorrosion Layers 552
10.7 Conclusions 574
References 575
11 Conjugated Polymer-Based Composites for Water Purification 581
Jiaxing Li, Yongshun Huang, and Dadong Shao
11.1 Introduction 582
11.2 Adsorption Phenomenon 583
11.2.1 Adsorption Isotherms 584
11.2.2 Adsorption Kinetics 588
11.2.3 Adsorption Thermodynamics 589
11.3 PANI-Related Composites in Water Purification 591
11.3.1 PANI/Inorganic Composites 592
11.3.2 PANI/Organic Composites 594
11.4 PPy-Related Composites in Water Purification 601
11.4.1 PPy/Inorganic Composites 601
11.4.2 PPy/Organic Composites 602
11.5 Miscellaneous Conjugated Polymer Composites in Water Purification 606
11.6 Conclusion 609
Acknowledgment 609
References 609
Part 4: Sensing and Responsive Materials
12 Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites-Based Chemical Sensors 621
Pradip Kar, Arup Choudhury, and Sushil Kumar Verma
12.1 Introduction 622
12.2 Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites as Chemical Receptor 626
12.3 General Methods for Preparation of Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposite 631
12.3.1 Ex-situ Method 632
12.3.2 In-situ Method 642
12.4 Influence of Properties of Conjugated Polymer by Interaction with Nano-Filler 644
12.5 Fabrication of Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposite Layer/Film for Sensor 647
12.5.1 Electrochemical Deposition 647
12.5.2 Pellet Preparation 648
12.5.3 Dip Coating 649
12.5.4 Spin Coating 651
12.5.5 Drop Coating 652
12.5.6 Film Casting 653
12.5.7 Printing 654
12.5.8 Other Methods 655
12.6 Chemical Sensing Performance of Conjugated Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 656
12.6.1 Sensing by Conjugated Polymer/Organic Nanocomposites 656
12.6.2 Sensing by Conjugated Polymer/Inorganic Nanocomposites 658
12.7 Mechanism of Chemical Sensing by Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposite 670
12.7.1 Strong Chemical Interaction with the Conjugated Polymer 672
12.7.2 Weak Physical Interaction with the Conjugated Polymer 674
12.7.3 Weak Physical Interaction with the Nanomaterial 677
12.8 Challenges and Prospects 679
References 681
13 Conjugated Polymer Nanocomposites for Biosensors 687
Deepshikha Saini
13.1 Introduction 687
13.2 Synthesis of Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites 690
13.2.1 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 691
13.2.2 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Metal Nanoparticles 694
13.2.3 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Metal Oxides 696
13.2.4 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Metal Phthalocyanines and Porphyrins 698
13.2.5 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Biological Materials 700
13.2.6 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites with Graphene 702
13.3 Current and Emerging Applications of Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites in Biosensors 706
13.3.1 Catalytic Biosensors 707
13.3.2 Bioaffinity Sensor 714
13.4 Conclusions and Outlook 719
References 722
14 Polyaniline Nanocomposites for Smart Electrorheological Fluid Applications 731
Jianbo Yin and Xiaopeng Zhao
14.1 Introduction 731
14.2 PANI as Filler for ER Fluids 734
14.3 Core/Shell-Structured PANI Nanocomposites for ER Fluids 737
14.3.1 PANI-Coated Core/Shell-Structured Nanocomposites 737
14.3.2 PANI-Encapsulated Core/Shell-Structured Nanocomposites 743
14.4 Pani-Intercalated Nanocomposites for ER Fluids 747
14.4.1 PANI/Clay Nanocomposites 747
14.4.2 PANI/Mesoporous Silica Nanocomposites 750
14.5 Conclusions 752
Acknowledgments 752
References 752
Index 759
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