This comprehensive reference work provides an overview of theconcepts, methodologies, and applications in computationallinguistics and natural language processing (NLP).* Features contributions by the top researchers in the field,reflecting the work that is driving the discipline forward* Includes an introduction to the major theoretical issues inthese fields, as well as the central engineering applications thatthe work has produced* Presents the major developments in an accessible way,explaining the close connection between scientific understanding ofthe computational properties of natural language and the creationof effective language technologies* Serves as an invaluable state-of-the-art reference source forcomputational linguists and software engineers developing NLPapplications in industrial research and development labs ofsoftware companies

List of Figures ixList of Tables xivNotes on Contributors xvPreface xxiiiIntroduction 1Part I Formal Foundations 91 Formal Language Theory 11Shuly Wintner2 Computational Complexity in Natural Language 43Ian Pratt-Hartmann3 Statistical Language Modeling 74Ciprian Chelba4 Theory of Parsing 105Mark-Jan Nederhof And Giorgio SattaPart II Current Methods 1315 Maximum Entropy Models 133Robert Malouf6 Memory-Based Learning 154Walter Daelemans And Antal Van Den Bosch7 Decision Trees 180Helmut Schmid8 Unsupervised Learning and Grammar Induction 197Alexander Clark And Shalom Lappin9 Artificial Neural Networks 221James B. Henderson10 Linguistic Annotation 238Martha Palmer And Nianwen Xue11 Evaluation of NLP Systems 271Philip Resnik And Jimmy LinPart III Domains of Application 29712 Speech Recognition 299Steve Renals And Thomas Hain13 Statistical Parsing 333Stephen Clark14 Segmentation and Morphology 364John A. Goldsmith15 Computational Semantics 394Chris Fox16 Computational Models of Dialogue 429Jonathan Ginzburg And Raquel Fernández17 Computational Psycholinguistics 482Matthew W. CrockerPart IV Applications 51518 Information Extraction 517Ralph Grishman19 Machine Translation 531Andy Way20 Natural Language Generation 574Ehud Reiter21 Discourse Processing 599Ruslan Mitkov22 Question Answering 630Bonnie Webber And Nick WebbReferences 655Author Index 742Subject Index 763