This book explores the implications of banning people from public space for the rule of law, fundamental rights, and democracy.

Summary contents; Contents; Abbreviations; 1. Introduction: 1.1 Exclusion from public space and its challenges to liberal democracy; 1.2 Methodology; 1.3 Scope of research; 1.4 Language and terminology; 1.5 Structure of the study; 2. Public Space and its Transformation: 2.1 The definition of 'public space' and related concepts; 2.2 Historical background; 2.3 The importance of public space; 2.4 Regulation of the use of public spac; 2.5 The transformation of public space; 2.6 Conclusion; 3. Exclusion from Public Space: 3.1 Historical background: the decline of banishment; 3.2 The resurgence of exclusion; 3.3 The targets of exclusio; 3.4 A typology of exclusion measures; 3.5 Conclusion; 4. Rule of Law: 4.1 The rule of law/Rechtsstaatsprinzip; 4.2 Principle of legality; 4.3 Requirement of sufficient precision; 4.4 Procedural safeguards and access to justice; 4.5 Conclusion; 5. Fundamental Rights: Liberty: 5.1 Fundamental and human rights; 5.2 Scope of protection; 5.3 Limitations; 5.4 Conclusion; 6. Fundamental Rights: Equality: 6.1 The right to equality and non-discrimination; 6.2 Exclusion from public space and the right to equality and non-discrimination; 6.3 Conclusion; 7. Democracy: 7.1 Democracy; 7.2 The democratic legitimacy of exclusion measures; 7.3 The consequences of exclusion measures for democracy; 7.4 Conclusion; 8. A Right (of Access) to Public Space?: 8.1 'Reclaiming public space'?; 8.2 De lege lata: is there a right to public space?; 8.3 De lege ferenda: is there a need for a right to public space?; 8.4 Conclusion; 9. Synthesis: 9.1 Conclusion: exclusion measures in conflict with liberal democracy; 9.2 Outlook: the importance of civic responsibility; Bibliography; Annex I. Overview of the most important exclusion norms; Annex II. Typology of exclusion norms.