Recent confrontations between constitutional courts and parliamentary majorities in several European countries have attracted international interest in the relationship between the judiciary and the legislature.

List of figures. List of tables. List of contributors. Abbreviations Chapter 1: Constitutional review and judicial-legislative relations in established democracies. Chapter 2: The Austrian Constitutional Court: A human rights stronghold despite increasing judicial restraint. Chapter 3: The Belgian Constitutional Court: Navigating between constitutional rights and consociational politics. Chapter 4: The Supreme Court of Cyprus: The centre of gravity within the separation of powers. Chapter 5: The French Constitutional Council: The gradual emergence of a co-legislator? Chapter 6: The German Federal Constitutional Court: A court unbound? Chapter 7: The Superior Courts of Ireland: Judicial restraint in a stable political environment. Chapter 8: The Italian Constitutional Court: A powerful political institution. Chapter 9: The Portuguese Constitutional Court: A cautious but effective judicial body. Chapter 10: The Spanish Constitutional Court: The judicial politics of constitutional review and interpretation. Chapter 11: The United Kingdom Supreme Court: Radical outcomes from gradualist premises. Chapter 12: The Nordic courts: An example of cooperation and dialogue. Chapter 13: Western European constitutional courts in comparative perspective 1990-2020. Index