Diplomacy Between the Wars is a detailed inside story of diplomacy seen through the careers of five remarkable career diplomatists. Here is a unique and authentic picture of practical diplomacy and its effect during periods of international crisis which shaped the twentieth century. These were not the statesmen and politicians who dominated the international stage but practical diplomats with long experience, linguistic competence, deep knowledge of the local conditions, history, culture and of the people of the countries where they served. George Liebmann also brings acute political awareness to the subject. The achievements of these diplomats - often unsung during their careers and gleaned largely from history books - were considerable and a monument to practical, professional diplomacy. Lewis Einstein was influential in demonstrating the central role - and its control - of finance and credit in modern wars and urging massive US economic assistance to Europe and after World War II providing the intellectual underpinnings of the Marshall Plan; Sir Horace Rumbold's work was vital in avoiding war between Great Britain and Turkey and in warnings of the dangers of Hitler; Johann von Bernstorff opposed Germany's `naval militarism', supported a negotiated end to the First World War and peaceful revision of the Treaty of Versailles; Count Carlo Sforza urged restraint on Italy's territorial ambitions and tolerance for former Fascists and Communists; and Ismet Inonu kept Turkey out of war, preserved her national interest at the Treaty of Lausanne and maintained friendship with the great powers. He worked for religious toleration and the limitation of dictatorship in Ataturk's secular Turkish Republic.

TABLE OF CONTENTSPrefaceLewis Einstein:Early LifeFamily ControversyTurkey and China Before the WarA Prophecy of WarWartime Turkey and an Armenian MandateThe Harding Campaign and CzechoslovakiaA Scholarly InterludeEinstein's Assessment of TRThe Early ThirtiesDivided LoyaltiesHitler in PowerThe Postwar WorldSir Horace Rumbold:ApprenticeshipWarnings in JapanPoland and BolshevismThe New TurkeyBerlin Before HitlerHitler in PowerLater WarningsRefugees and PalestineMunich and AfterCount Johann von Bernstorff:YouthEarly CareerWashington Before the WarWartime Ambassador and PropagandistReturn to GermanyAmbassador in TurkeyGermany and the Peace ConferencePostwar PoliticsZionismThe Preparatory Disarmament ConferenceEvening HoursCount Carlo Sforza:IntroductionPostwar TurkeyThe Aftermath of VersaillesThe Coming of FascismWritings in ExileMakers of Modern EuropeEuropean DictatorshipsThe Coming of WarExile PoliticsThe Feud With ChurchillPostwar PoliticsIsmet Inonu:IntroductionThe Mudania ConferenceLausanneTurkey After the WarPolicies as PresidentWartime DiplomacyThe Postwar PeriodThe Cuban Missile CrisisDifferences Over CyprusLast Days