In Dark Mirror, Sara Lipton offers a fascinating examination of the emergence of anti-Semitic iconography in the Middle AgesThe straggly beard, the hooked nose, the bag of coins, and gaudy apparel-the religious artists of medieval Christendom had no shortage of virulent symbols for identifying Jews. Yet, hateful as these depictions were, the story they tell is not as simple as it first appears.Drawing on a wide range of primary sources, Lipton argues that these visual stereotypes were neither an inevitable outgrowth of Christian theology nor a simple reflection of medieval prejudices. Instead, she maps out the complex relationship between medieval Christians' religious ideas, social experience, and developing artistic practices that drove their depiction of Jews from benign, if exoticized, figures connoting ancient wisdom to increasingly vicious portrayals inspired by (and designed to provoke) fear and hostility.At the heart of this lushly illustrated and meticulously researched work are questions that have occupied scholars for ages-why did Jews becomes such powerful and poisonous symbols in medieval art? Why were Jews associated with certain objects, symbols, actions, and deficiencies? And what were the effects of such portrayals-not only in medieval society, but throughout Western history? What we find is that the image of the Jew in medieval art was not a portrait of actual neighbors or even imagined others, but a cloudy glass into which Christendom gazed to find a distorted, phantasmagoric rendering of itself.

Illustrations xiiiIntroductionIn a Mirror, Darkly 1Chapter OneMirror of the Fathers:The Birth of a Jewish Iconography, ca. 1015-1100 13Chapter TwoBlinding Light and Blinkered Witness, ca. 1100-1160 55Chapter ThreeJewish Eyes:Loveless Looking and the Unlovely Christ, ca. 1160-1220 95Chapter FourAll the World a Picture:Jews and the Mirror of Society, ca. 1220-1300 129Chapter FiveThe Jew's Face:Flesh, Sight, and Sovereignty, ca. 1230-1350 169Chapter SixWhere Are the Jewish Women? 201Chapter SevenThe Jew in the Crowd:Surveillance and Civic Vision, ca. 1350-1500 239Conclusion 279Abbreviations 283Notes 285Acknowledgments 371Index 375