The truth of Chan Buddhism-better known as "Zen"-is regularly said to be beyond language, and yet Chan authors-medieval and modern-produced an enormous quantity of literature over the centuries. To make sense of this well-known paradox, Patriarchs on Paper explores several genres of Chan literature that appeared during the Tang and Song dynasties (c. 600-1300), including genealogies, biographies, dialogues, poems, monastic handbooks, and koans. Working through this diverse body of literature, Alan Cole details how Chan authors developed several strategies to evoke images of a perfect Buddhism in which wonderfully simple masters transmitted Buddhism's final truth to one another, suddenly and easily, and, of course, independent of literature and the complexities of the Buddhist monastic system. Chan literature, then, reveled in staging delightful images of a Buddhism free of Buddhism, tempting the reader, over and over, with the possibility of finding behind the thick façade of real Buddhism-with all its rules, texts, doctrines, and institutional solidity-an ethereal world of pure spirit. Patriarchs on Paper charts the emergence of this kind of "fantasy Buddhism" and details how it interacted with more traditional forms of Chinese Buddhism in order to show how Chan's illustrious ancestors were created in literature in order to further a wide range of real-world agendas.

Preface A Note on References to the Chinese Buddhist Canon

Introduction: Chan-What Is It?
1. Making History: Chan as an Art Form
2. Plans for the Past: Early Accounts of How Perfect Truth Came to China
3. Portable Ancestors: Bodhidharma Gets Two New Families
4. More Local Buddhas Appear: Jingjue, Huineng, Shenhui
5. Truth, Conspiracy, and Careful Writing: A New Version of Huineng
6. The Platform Sutra and Other Conspiracy Theories
7. Chan "Dialogues" from the Tang Dynasty
8. Chan Compendiums from the Song Dynasty
9. Rules for Purity: Handbooks for Running Chan Monasteries
10. Koans and Being There
Conclusions: Chan, a Buddhist Beauty

Bibliography
Glossary
Index