Particulate Emissions from VehiclesPeter EastwoodFord Motor CompanyThe public health risks posed by automotive particulate emissions are well known. Such particles are sufficiently small to reach the deepest regions of the lungs; and moreover act as carriers for many potentially toxic substances. Historically, diesel engines have been singled out in this regard, but recent research shows the need to consider particulate emissions from gasoline engines as well. Already implicated in more than one respiratory disease, the strongest evidence in recent times points to particle-mediated cardiovascular disorders (strokes and heart attacks). Accordingly, legislation limiting particulate emissions is becoming increasingly stringent, placing great pressure on the automotive industry to produce cleaner vehicles - pressure only heightened by the ever-increasing number of cars on our roads.Particulate Emissions from Vehicles addresses a field of increased international interest and research activity; discusses the impact of new legislation globally on the automotive industry; and explains new ways of measuring particle size, number and composition that are currently under development. The expert analysis and summary of the state-of-the-art, which encompasses the key areas of combustion performance, measurement techniques and toxicology, will appeal to R&D practitioners and engineers working in the automotive industry and related mechanical fields, as well as postgraduate students and researchers of engine technology, air pollution and life/ environmental science. The public health aspects will also appeal to the biomedical research community.

Preface.Acronyms and Abbreviations.Chapter 1. Introduction.Chapter 2. Fundamentals.2.1 Introduction.2.2 Properties of Aerosol Particles.2.3 Particles in the Atmosphere.2.4 Motor Vehicle Particulate.2.5 Closure.Chapter 3. Formation I: Composition.3.1 Introduction.3.2 Carbonaceous Fraction: I.Classical Models.3.3 Carbonaceous Fraction: II.The Combusting Plume.3.4 Carbonaceous Fraction: III.Wall Interactions.3.5 Ash Fraction.3.6 Organic Fraction.3.7 Sulphate Fraction.3.8 Closure.Chapter 4. Formation II: Location.4.1 Introduction.4.2 Within the Exhaust System.4.3 Within the Exhaust Plume.4.4 Within the Transfer Line.4.5 Within the Dilution Tunnel.4.6 On the Filter.4.7 Closure.Chapter 5. Measurement.5.1 Introduction.5.2 Particulate Measured Conventionally.5.3 Particulate Measured Individually.5.4 Particulate Measured Collectively.5.5 Closure.Chapter 6. Characterisation.6.1 Introduction.6.2 Physical Characterisation.6.3 Chemical Characterisation.6.4 Biological Characterisation.6.5 Demographical Characterisation.6.6 Closure.Chapter 7. Abatement.7.1 Introduction.7.2 Fuel Formulation.7.3 Fuel Injection.7.4 Exhaust Gas Recirculation.7.5 Induction.7.6 Lubrication.7.7 Alternative Combustion.7.8 Aftertreatment.7.9 Closure.Chapter 8. Gasoline Engines.8.1 Introduction.8.2 A Historical Perspective.8.3 Port-Injection Engines.8.4 Direct Injection Engines.8.4 Two-Stroke Engines.8.5 Closure.Chapter 9. Disintegration.9.1 Introduction.9.2 Roads.9.3 Brakes.9.4 Tyres.9.5 Exhausts.9.6 Catalysts.9.7 Closure.Chapter 10. Toxicology.10.1 Introduction.10.2 Public Exposure.10.3 Public Health.10.4 Pathogenesis.10.5 Epidemiology.10.6 In Vitro.10.7 In Vivo.10.8 Humans.10.9 Closure.10.10 Glossary.Chapter 11. Closure.11.1 Recommendations for Research.11.2 Smaller Particles in Larger Numbers; or Larger Particles in Smaller Numbers.11.3 Smaller and Smaller and Smaller.11.4 Broader Questions of Policy.Bibliography.Literature Cited.Subject Index.